As other Renal Replacement therapies, peritoneal dialysis has to control the morbid events due to severe uremia and to prevent new pathology due to long term dialysis. This review concerns major studies published in literature during the last ten years. Critical analysis has permitted to define the benefits and the disadvantages of this treatment method. When a patient has a residual diuresis, peritoneal dialysis is efficient: 1) to control cardio-vascular events due to chronic renal failure, 2) to remove beta 2-microglobulin, 3) to improve anemia due to uremia without using recombinant human erythropoietin, 4) to reduce the risk of developing aplasic bone by using a dialysate calcium concentration of 2.5 mEq/liter and to control secondary hyperparathyroidism by using calcitriol.