A 49-year-old Japanese woman was referred to our department for evaluation of a thyroid nodule. She underwent subtotal thyroidectomy with modified neck dissection for a follicular thyroid carcinoma, suspected on preoperative diagnosis. The histological diagnosis was tuberculous thyroiditis. She made an uneventful recovery and received antituberculous agents. At follow-up she remains well and is euthyroid. Reports on forty-four patients in the Japanese literature were read. Tuberculous thyroiditis must be differentiated from thyroid cancer and subacute thyroiditis. Surgery plus administration of antituberculous drugs is considered the treatment of choice.