Hand-transmitted vibration levels (HTVLs) and the prevalence of vibration-induced white finger (VWF) and numbness of the hands were investigated in eight groups of subjects operating various hand-held vibrating tools. The prevalence rates of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and numbness of the hands in 1,027 males and 1,301 females not occupationally exposed to vibration were compared to those of the exposed subjects. The prevalence of VWF was in the range of 0.0-4.8% in subjects exposed to HTLVs of between 1.1 to 2.5 m/s2 and reached 9.6% in a group of workers exposed to HTLVs of 2.7-5.1 m/s2. The latter group showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in the prevalence of VWF compared to the 2.7% prevalence of RP in male subjects of the general population. The prevalence of VWF in female subjects exposed to vibration (4.3%) was not significant compared to the prevalence of RP in females of the general population (3.4%). The prevalence rates of numbness of the hands were between 6.5% and 30.4% in the exposed groups and in the range of 13.4-29.5% in the general population. It was concluded that in decisions concerning quantitative recommendations for vibration exposure, the prevalence of VWF should be employed. To decrease the risk of developing VWF, estimated vibration safety values for 4 h and 2 h daily exposures are discussed.