OBJECTIVE To review the diseases of childhood for which bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an accepted treatment modality. METHODS Book chapters, journal articles. RESULTS BMT is used to treat a wide variety of nonmalignant and malignant childhood conditions. Despite treatment successes, BMT and its complications present a serious threat to children and a challenge for care providers. Identification of suitable donors is an ongoing concern. CONCLUSIONS Acute and chronic/long-term effects of BMT are many and varied. Care of children and their families is ongoing and critical to achieving quality of life following successful transplantation. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the intensive care required by BMT, nurses must be knowledgeable about normal growth and development and encourage each child to achieve his or her full potential.