Morphological effects of acrylamide (AC) on the peripheral nerves in normal and neurofilament (NF)-deficient (Quv) Japanese quails were investigated. AC (100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally every other day. After the birds manifested neurological signs, they were necropsied (after 10 approximately 21 AC injections) and the sciatic and tibial nerves were examined. In both normal and Quv qualis, AC produced axonopathy with a distal-proximal progression. In AC-intoxicated normal quails, the nerve fiber pathology was characterized by typical Wallerian-like degeneration, consisting of axonal degeneration, myelin breakdown, macrophage migration. Schwann cell proliferation and regeneration of nerve fibers. Ultrastructurally, AC-induced NF accumulation was detected in the axon of myelinated nerve fibers. In AC-intoxicated Quv qualis, axonal degeneration with accumulation of membranous organelles occurred; however, sequential events of Wallerian-like degeneration were not as prominent as in AC-intoxicated normal qualis. These results demonstrated that NF-deficient Quv quails are sensitive to neurotoxic effects of AC. On the other hand, the different pathology of AC-intoxicated normal and Quv qualis indicates the presence or absence of NFs influences the appearance and extent of AC axonopathy.