Functional mapping of the early stages of status epilepticus: a 14C-2-deoxyglucose study in the lithium-pilocarpine model in rat. 1995

A Handforth, and D M Treiman
Neurology Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Continuous convulsive activity in status epilepticus generally does not occur suddenly in response to the inciting epileptogenic agent, but is rather the culmination of a stereotyped sequence of stages. Initially seizures are discrete, then undergo waxing-and-waning of convulsive/electroencephalographic severity. Following a transitional EEG-recorded fast-and-slow spiking phase, continuous fast spiking with invariant convulsive behavior ensues. We sought to map the seizure anatomic substrates corresponding to these stages, utilizing the 14C-2-deoxyglucose technique, in order to make inferences about underlying mechanisms. The lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus model in rat was employed. Cerebral autoradiographs associated with discrete seizures revealed non-uniform cerebral metabolic activation, with rostral cortical and olfactory areas especially involved. Portions of basal ganglia were also activated, consistent with projections from seizure-activated areas. Successive stages of status entry displayed additional limbic and cortical activation, along with subcortical projection sites, so that by fast-and-slow spiking most forebrain areas were recruited. Based on these results, a model is proposed whereby cyclical seizure-attenuating mechanisms cause, in the initial stages of status entry, fluxing of seizure anatomic extents between small and large cerebral domains, with corresponding cycling of convulsive severity. In the later stages of status entry, these mechanisms become ineffective, resulting in steady-state maximal forebrain recruitment, associated with continuous and invariant convulsive behavior and electrographic fast spiking.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008094 Lithium An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER. Lithium-7,Lithium 7
D008297 Male Males
D010862 Pilocarpine A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma. Isopilocarpine,Isoptocarpine,Ocusert,Pilocarpine Hydrochloride,Pilocarpine Mononitrate, (3S-cis)-Isomer,Pilocarpine Nitrate,Pilocarpine, Monohydrochloride, (3S-cis)-Isomer,Salagen,Hydrochloride, Pilocarpine,Nitrate, Pilocarpine
D001921 Brain The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM. Encephalon
D002250 Carbon Radioisotopes Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes. Radioisotopes, Carbon
D003847 Deoxyglucose 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose,2-Deoxyglucose,2-Desoxy-D-glucose,2 Deoxy D glucose,2 Deoxyglucose,2 Desoxy D glucose
D004195 Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. Animal Disease Model,Animal Disease Models,Disease Model, Animal
D004569 Electroencephalography Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain. EEG,Electroencephalogram,Electroencephalograms
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D001345 Autoradiography The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed) Radioautography

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