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We have investigated the mechanism of nitric oxide-induced damage in glial cells. Genomic DNA isolated from astrocytes and microglia, treated for 18 h with varying concentrations of a nitric oxide donor, was analysed by electrophoresis. No DNA damage was evident. Oligodendrocytes, treated with 2 mM nitric oxide for 3-48 h, showed single stranded breaks at 48 h but no laddering of nucleosomic fragments of DNA. When analysed by electron microscopy, ultrastructural changes in oligodendrocytes treated with 1 mM nitric oxide for 24 h showed intact nuclei but alterations in membranes and organelles characteristic of necrosis, including disrupted mitochondria with dissolution of their christae. Astrocytes, a glial cell type that we have previously shown to be much less sensitive to nitric oxide-induced damage, did not show ultrastructural changes. DNA analysis by flow cytometry of glial cells treated with nitric oxide supported the apparent necrotic-type death in oligodendrocytes. Double staining of oligodendrocytes, using Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide for the simultaneous assessment of both apoptotic and necrotic cells, demonstrated that, while the proportion of dead cells increased with time and increasing concentrations of nitric oxide, the death was due to necrosis and not apoptosis. In this study, we demonstrate that direct exposure to soluble nitric oxide, produced in vitro from a nitric oxide donor chemical, ultimately kills oligodendrocytes by necrosis. Microglia and astrocytes maintain DNA and organelle integrity when exposed to exogenous nitric oxide.
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