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The mitogen-activated protein kinases, ERK1 and ERK2. 1994

M H Cobb, and J E Hepler, and M Cheng, and D Robbins
Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas 75235.

The MAP kinases are ubiquitous enzymes that are activated in a complex fashion and inactivated by multiple phosphatases including a dedicated dual specificity enzyme. These kinases have a diverse array of substrates with important functions that result in their substantial regulatory impact. The ERK/MAP kinase cascade displays not only downstream but also upstream interactions as well as cross talk with other signaling pathways which fine tunes the cascade in a cell type-specific fashion. Transforming agents utilize this cascade in inducing cell proliferation.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D010766 Phosphorylation The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. Phosphorylations
D002471 Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill. Neoplastic Transformation, Cell,Neoplastic Cell Transformation,Transformation, Neoplastic Cell,Tumorigenic Transformation,Cell Neoplastic Transformation,Cell Neoplastic Transformations,Cell Transformations, Neoplastic,Neoplastic Cell Transformations,Neoplastic Transformations, Cell,Transformation, Cell Neoplastic,Transformation, Tumorigenic,Transformations, Cell Neoplastic,Transformations, Neoplastic Cell,Transformations, Tumorigenic,Tumorigenic Transformations
D004789 Enzyme Activation Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme. Activation, Enzyme,Activations, Enzyme,Enzyme Activations
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D048052 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1,ERK1 Kinase,MAPK3 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase,Meiosis-Activated Myelin Basic Protein Kinase p44(mpk),Microtubule-Associated Protein-2 Kinase,PSTkinase p44mpk,Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinase p44(mpk),p44 MAPK,Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase 1,Kinase, ERK1,Kinase, Microtubule-Associated Protein-2,MAPK3 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase,Microtubule Associated Protein 2 Kinase,Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase 3,p44mpk, PSTkinase
D017871 Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277) Ca(2+)-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase,Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase,Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase,Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases,Multifunctional Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase,Restricted Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase,Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases, Multifunctional,Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases, Restricted,Calmodulin-Dependent Multiprotein Kinase,Calmodulin-Kinase,Cam-MPK,Multifunctional Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases,Restricted Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases,Calcium Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase,Calcium Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinases, Multifunctional,Calcium Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinases, Restricted,Calmodulin Dependent Multiprotein Kinase,Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase,Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinases,Calmodulin Kinase,Cam MPK,Kinase, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein,Kinase, Calmodulin-Dependent Protein,Multifunctional Calcium Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase,Multifunctional Calcium Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinases,Multiprotein Kinase, Calmodulin-Dependent,Protein Kinase, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent,Protein Kinase, Calmodulin-Dependent,Protein Kinases, Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent,Protein Kinases, Calmodulin-Dependent,Restricted Calcium Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinase,Restricted Calcium Calmodulin Dependent Protein Kinases
D019950 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 2,MAP Kinase 2,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 2,p42 MAP Kinase,p42 MAPK,p42(Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase),MAPK1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase,MAPK2 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase,p42(Mapk),p42(Mapk) Kinase,Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase 2,MAP Kinase, p42,MAPK1 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase,MAPK2 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase,Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase 1,Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase 2
D020928 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases A superfamily of PROTEIN SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES). Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase,Kinase, Mitogen-Activated Protein,Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein,Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases,Protein Kinase, Mitogen-Activated,Protein Kinases, Mitogen-Activated

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