Biomaterial Database

Ontogenic changes in the nephrotoxicity of chromate correlate with the glutathione oxidoreduction system. 1994

D Appenroth

Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Fed. Rep. of Germany.

The role of GSH concentration and GSSG reductase activity in age differences in chromate nephrotoxicity was investigated. Young and adult rats were injected with 2 and 1 mg sodium chromate/100 g body weight (BW), respectively, which led to equal Cr concentrations in renal tissue. Cr nephrotoxicity was lower in young than in adult rats. It was shown that from 30 minutes after the chromate injection GSSG reductase activity in renal tissue was increased in adult but decreased in young rats by the chromate. GSSG reductase activity was increased in young rats by pretreatment with phenobarbital. The consequence was an enhancement of chromate nephrotoxicity as shown by proteinuria. Renal GSH concentration is lower in young rats and limiting for chromate reduction in vitro in these animals. Therefore, GSH concentration was increased by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine, which enhanced chromate nephrotoxicity significantly. These results reflect the important role of the GSH oxidoreduction system in chromate nephrotoxicity and its relationship to age differences.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007668	Kidney	Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.	Kidneys
D008297	Male		Males
D010084	Oxidation-Reduction	A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).	Redox,Oxidation Reduction
D010088	Oxidoreductases	The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)	Dehydrogenases,Oxidases,Oxidoreductase,Reductases,Dehydrogenase,Oxidase,Reductase
D010634	Phenobarbital	A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.	Phenemal,Phenobarbitone,Phenylbarbital,Gardenal,Hysteps,Luminal,Phenobarbital Sodium,Phenobarbital, Monosodium Salt,Phenylethylbarbituric Acid,Acid, Phenylethylbarbituric,Monosodium Salt Phenobarbital,Sodium, Phenobarbital
D011490	Protein Disulfide Reductase (Glutathione)	An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of a protein-disulfide in the presence of glutathione, forming a protein-dithiol. Insulin is one of its substrates. EC 1.8.4.2.	Glutathione Insulin Transhydrogenase,Glutathione Protein Disulfide Oxidoreductase,Thiol-Disulfide Oxidoreductase,Thiol-Protein Disulfide Oxidoreductase,Disulfide Oxidoreductase, Thiol-Protein,Insulin Transhydrogenase, Glutathione,Oxidoreductase, Thiol-Disulfide,Oxidoreductase, Thiol-Protein Disulfide,Thiol Disulfide Oxidoreductase,Thiol Protein Disulfide Oxidoreductase,Transhydrogenase, Glutathione Insulin
D011507	Proteinuria	The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	Proteinurias
D002840	Chromates	Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.	Chromate
D005260	Female		Females
D005978	Glutathione	A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.	Reduced Glutathione,gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys-Gly,gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-Cysteinylglycine,Glutathione, Reduced,gamma L Glu L Cys Gly,gamma L Glutamyl L Cysteinylglycine