The purpose of this study was to determine whether rats could be trained to discriminate the stimulus properties of the benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor inverse agonist DMCM from saline in a conditioned taste aversion paradigm. On a drug trial, water-deprived rats were injected with DMCM (0.55-0.6 mg/kg IP), allowed access to a 0.25% saccharin solution for 30 min, and then injected with LiCl. On non-drug trials, saline injections bracketed the drinking period. Conditioned controls were treated similarly with DMCM and saline on drug and non-drug trials, but received injections of saline instead of LiCl. At the completion of training, CMCM produced a 69% reduction of saccharin consumption on drug trials, compared with 23% for conditioned controls. The stimulus properties of DMCM were then measured by its ability to reduce the preference for saccharin over water in a two-bottle choice test. DMCM reduced saccharin preference in rats that received discrimination training from 68% to 19%, but did not alter saccharin preference in conditioned controls. Other compounds with varying activity at BZ receptors were evaluated for their ability to substitute for the discriminative stimulus effects of DMCM. Two BZ receptor inverse agonists, beta-CCE (10-18 mg/kg) and FG 7142 (3.2-18 mg/kg), substituted completely for DMCM. Partial substitution for DMCM was shown by the BZ receptor antagonist CGS 8216 (3.2-10 mg/kg) and the non-BZ convulsant pentylenetetrazol (10-20 mg/kg). The BZ receptor agonists chlordiazepoxide (0.32-5.0 mg/kg), diazepam (0.32-10 mg/kg), and alprazolam (0.1-3.2 mg/kg) and the BZ receptor antagonist flumazenil (1.0-32 mg/kg) failed to substitute for the DMCM stimulus. Pretreatment with flumazenil (1.0 mg/kg) blocked the stimulus effects of the training dose of DMCM and produced a shift to the right of the DMCM generalization curve. The pattern of compounds that substituted for the DMCM stimulus and the blockade of that stimulus by flumazenil indicate that the stimulus properties of DMCM are associated with its effects as a BZ receptor inverse agonist.