This study examined the synaptic terminal coverage of primate triceps surae (TS) motoneurons at the electron microscopic level. In three male pigtail macaques, motoneurons were labeled by retrograde transport of cholera toxin-horseradish peroxidase that was injected into TS muscles bilaterally and visualized with tetramethylbenzidine stabilized with diaminobenzidine. Somatic, proximal dendritic, and distal dendritic synaptic terminals were classified by standard criteria and measured. Overall and type-specific synaptic terminal coverages and frequencies were determined. Labeled cells were located in caudal L5 to rostral S1 ventral horn and ranged from 40 to 74 microns in diameter (average, 54 microns). The range and unimodal distribution of diameters, the label used, and the presence of C terminals on almost all cells indicated that the 15 cell bodies and associated proximal dendrites analyzed here probably belonged to alpha-motoneurons. Synaptic terminals covered 39% of the cell body membrane, 60% of the proximal dendritic membrane, and 40% of the distal dendritic membrane. At each of these three sites, F terminals (flattened or pleomorphic vesicles, usually symmetric active zones, average contact length 1.6 microns) were most common, averaging 52%, 56%, and 58% of total coverage and 56%, 57%, and 58% of total number of cell bodies, proximal dendrites, and distal dendrites respectively. S terminals (round vesicles, usually asymmetric active zones, average contact length 1.3 microns) averaged 24%, 29%, and 33% of coverage and 33%, 35%, and 36% of number at these three sites, respectively. Thus, S terminals were slightly more prominent relative to F terminals on distal dendrites than on cell bodies. C terminals (spherical vesicles, subsynaptic cisterns associated with rough endoplasmic reticulum, average contact length 3.5 microns) constituted 24% and 11% of total terminal coverage on cell bodies and proximal dendrites, respectively, and averaged 11% and 6% of terminal number at these two locations. M terminals (spherical vesicles, postsynaptic Taxi bodies, some with presynaptic terminals, average contact length 2.7 microns) were absent on cell bodies and averaged 3% and 7% of total coverage and 2% and 5% of terminals on proximal and distal dendrites, respectively. Except for M terminals, which tended to be smaller distally, terminal contact length was not correlated with location. Total and type-specific coverages and frequencies were not correlated with cell body diameter. Primate TS motoneurons are similar to cat TS motoneurons in synaptic terminal morphology, frequency, and distribution. However, primate terminals appear to be smaller, so that the fraction of membrane covered by them is lower.