Biomaterial Database

Isolation and purification procedures for the preparation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin standards. 1994

M V Laycock, and P Thibault, and S W Ayer, and J A Walter

Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is caused by mixtures of saxitoxin analogs of which more than eighteen are known. Reliable and sensitive analytical methods and assays for these toxins are essential to protect the consumer and the shellfish industry, but research has been restricted by a shortage of the pure compounds. Only saxitoxin has so far been generally available as a PSP toxin standard, yet sulfated analogs usually occur in higher concentrations than saxitoxin in toxic marine algae and shellfish. Methods are described for the purification of some of the common PSP toxins, in quantities sufficient for the preparation of PSP standards from the dinoflagellate Alexandrium excavatum, the giant sea scallop (Placopecten megallanicus) hepatopancreas, and the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Purity was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD), ionspray mass spectrometry (ISP-MS), capillary electrophoresis (CE), and proton NMR spectroscopy.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008387	Marine Toxins	Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous FISHES.	Marine Biotoxins,Phycotoxins
D009682	Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy	Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).	In Vivo NMR Spectroscopy,MR Spectroscopy,Magnetic Resonance,NMR Spectroscopy,NMR Spectroscopy, In Vivo,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,Spectroscopy, Magnetic Resonance,Spectroscopy, NMR,Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopies,Magnetic Resonance, Nuclear,NMR Spectroscopies,Resonance Spectroscopy, Magnetic,Resonance, Magnetic,Resonance, Nuclear Magnetic,Spectroscopies, NMR,Spectroscopy, MR
D012015	Reference Standards	A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy.	Standard Preparations,Standards, Reference,Preparations, Standard,Standardization,Standards,Preparation, Standard,Reference Standard,Standard Preparation,Standard, Reference
D002851	Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid	Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.	Chromatography, High Performance Liquid,Chromatography, High Speed Liquid,Chromatography, Liquid, High Pressure,HPLC,High Performance Liquid Chromatography,High-Performance Liquid Chromatography,UPLC,Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography,Chromatography, High-Performance Liquid,High-Performance Liquid Chromatographies,Liquid Chromatography, High-Performance
D004141	Dinoflagellida	Flagellate EUKARYOTES, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm.	Amphidinium,Dinoflagellata,Dinophyceae,Dinophycidae,Dinophyta,Dinophytes,Gambierdiscus toxicus,Gonyaulax,Gymnodinium,Peridinium,Pyrrhophyta,Pyrrophyta,Dinoflagellates
D004590	Electrophoresis, Paper	Electrophoresis in which paper is used as the diffusion medium. This technique is confined almost entirely to separations of small molecules such as amino acids, peptides, and nucleotides, and relatively high voltages are nearly always used.	Paper Electrophoresis
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D012530	Saxitoxin	A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.	Gonyaulax Toxin,Mitilotoxin,Saxitonin,Toxin, Gonyaulax
D012758	Shellfish	Aquatic invertebrates belonging to the phylum MOLLUSCA or the subphylum CRUSTACEA, and used as food.