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Effects of cephalometric landmark validity on incisor angulation. 1994

C K Chan, and T H Tng, and U Hägg, and M S Cooke
Department of Children's Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong.

An experimental cephalometric study on the accuracy of independently locating eight landmarks and the subsequent effects on the maxillary (ILs/NL) and mandibular (ILi/ML) incisor angulation was carried out on 30 dry skulls. The true location of each landmark was marked with a steel ball glued onto the skulls. Two additional steel balls were used as reference markers. A purpose-designed skullholder was made to assure a firm and reproducible positioning of the skulls in the cephalostat. Six series of cephalograms were recorded. One reference series with all the steel balls, four series each with a single steel ball marker removed, one at a time, from each jaw and one series with all the steel ball markers removed, except the reference markers. The combined method error in relocating and replacing the steel ball markers, repositioning the skulls into the skull holder, and digitizing, was low. From the first series, the true position of the palatal plane (NL), the maxillary incisor line (ILs), the mandibular plane (ML) and the mandibular incisor line (ILi) were assessed. From series 2 to 5, each of the landmarks without the steel ball markers was estimated. The accuracy of each landmark was then assessed relative to the true cephalometric plane and its perpendicular. On average, the accuracy was high for all the landmarks except posterior nasal spine (PNS), which was estimated 1.2 mm too far anteriorly (p < 0.05). The standard deviations of the accuracy of the dental and skeletal landmarks were similar, being 1.4 to 2.4 mm. The maxillary incisors were proclined 1.1 degrees (p < 0.05) by the estimates of incision superior (Is).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D007180 Incisor Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820) Incisors
D008875 Middle Aged An adult aged 45 - 64 years. Middle Age
D011856 Radiographic Image Enhancement Improvement in the quality of an x-ray image by use of an intensifying screen, tube, or filter and by optimum exposure techniques. Digital processing methods are often employed. Digital Radiography,Image Enhancement, Radiographic,Radiography, Digital,Enhancement, Radiographic Image,Enhancements, Radiographic Image,Image Enhancements, Radiographic,Radiographic Image Enhancements
D012015 Reference Standards A basis of value established for the measure of quantity, weight, extent or quality, e.g. weight standards, standard solutions, methods, techniques, and procedures used in diagnosis and therapy. Standard Preparations,Standards, Reference,Preparations, Standard,Standardization,Standards,Preparation, Standard,Reference Standard,Standard Preparation,Standard, Reference
D002508 Cephalometry The measurement of the dimensions of the HEAD. Craniometry
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000328 Adult A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age. For a person between 19 and 24 years of age, YOUNG ADULT is available. Adults
D015203 Reproducibility of Results The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results. Reliability and Validity,Reliability of Result,Reproducibility Of Result,Reproducibility of Finding,Validity of Result,Validity of Results,Face Validity,Reliability (Epidemiology),Reliability of Results,Reproducibility of Findings,Test-Retest Reliability,Validity (Epidemiology),Finding Reproducibilities,Finding Reproducibility,Of Result, Reproducibility,Of Results, Reproducibility,Reliabilities, Test-Retest,Reliability, Test-Retest,Result Reliabilities,Result Reliability,Result Validities,Result Validity,Result, Reproducibility Of,Results, Reproducibility Of,Test Retest Reliability,Validity and Reliability,Validity, Face
D015588 Observer Variation The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material). Bias, Observer,Interobserver Variation,Intraobserver Variation,Observer Bias,Inter-Observer Variability,Inter-Observer Variation,Interobserver Variability,Intra-Observer Variability,Intra-Observer Variation,Intraobserver Variability,Inter Observer Variability,Inter Observer Variation,Inter-Observer Variabilities,Inter-Observer Variations,Interobserver Variabilities,Interobserver Variations,Intra Observer Variability,Intra Observer Variation,Intra-Observer Variabilities,Intra-Observer Variations,Intraobserver Variabilities,Intraobserver Variations,Observer Variations,Variabilities, Inter-Observer,Variabilities, Interobserver,Variabilities, Intra-Observer,Variabilities, Intraobserver,Variability, Inter-Observer,Variability, Interobserver,Variability, Intra-Observer,Variability, Intraobserver,Variation, Inter-Observer,Variation, Interobserver,Variation, Intra-Observer,Variation, Intraobserver,Variation, Observer,Variations, Inter-Observer,Variations, Interobserver,Variations, Intra-Observer,Variations, Intraobserver,Variations, Observer

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