The ultrasonographic diagnosis of parathyroid glands was introduced by the Japanese in 1975. Only after more perfect machines have been introduced, first of all by advancement of "real-time" technique, this method started being used as a routine. The paper shows results of ultrasonographic investigation in 200 patients separated into two groups. In the first group 100 patients were examined with a clinical suspect of primary hyperparathyroidism from which in 30 the existence of parathyroid gland adenoma was diagnosed. Scintigraphy of parathyroid glands was performed in the smaller group of patients; the comparison of these two methods was done, and in 77.7% cases coincidence was found. In the group of 10 operated patients comparison of the two mentioned methods was carried out, with surgical or pathohistologic findings and the coincidence was complete. In the second group 100 patients were examined belonging to the chronical program of hemodialysis, from which in 24 cases existence of swollen parathyroid glands was found. Comparison of ultrasonographic and scintigraphic findings was also done and the coincidence was 68.75%. At the end, the importance of ultrasonography in the first diagnostic stage of swollen parathyroid glands was pointed out.