In the infected cell, the poliovirus replication complex (RC) is found in the center of a rosette formed by many virus-induced vesicles. The RC is attached to the vesicular membranes and contains a compact central part which encloses the replication forks of the replicative intermediate and all proteins necessary for strand elongation. The growing plus strands of the replicative intermediate protrude from the central part of the RC, but are still enclosed by membraneous structures of the rosette. After completion, progeny 36S RNA is set free at the surface of the rosette. In an in vitro transcription system, isolated replication complex-containing rosettes are active in initiation, elongation and maturation (release) of plus strand progeny RNA. Full functionality of the RC depends on an intact structural framework of all membraneous components of the rosette.