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1. In the intact pond snail Planorbis corneus, a rapid tilt in any plane evoked a defense reaction consisting of a fast movement of the shell towards the head, shortening of the foot, inhibition of locomotion and of rhythmical feeding movements. This reaction was similar to the first phase of the general defense reaction of Planorbis to cutaneous stimulation. 2. A method has been developed for inclination of the isolated CNS in space (up to 90 degrees) and simultaneous intracellular recordings from different neurons. 3. The statocyst receptor cells (SRCs) responded both phasically and tonically to the tilt. The SRCs differ in their spatial zones of sensitivity. 4. Essential manifestations of the defense reaction to the input from statocysts could be observed in the in vitro preparation of the CNS isolated with statocysts. Both tilting of the CNS and electrical stimulation of individual SRCs elicited an excitatory response in numerous neurons from different ganglia, including motor neurons (MNs) of the columellar muscle. This response was of "all-or-none" nature, and could be evoked by electrical stimulation of any SRC. The response was followed by a long (10-20 s) period of refractoriness. 5. Activation of SRCs resulted also in excitation of the giant dopaminergic cell in the left pedal ganglion (related to the control of respiration), in inhibition of the feeding rhythm generator, and in inhibition of the pedal neurons responsible for activation of the ciliary locomotor system. 6. Combined stimulation of two inputs able to evoke a defense reaction, i.e., those from the statocyst and from cutaneous nerve, revealed a strong interdependence of their central effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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T G Deliagina, and
I L Okshtein, and
G N Orlovsky, and
Y V Panchin, and
L B Popova
January 1985,
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology,
Y I Arshavsky, and
T G Deliagina, and
I L Okshtein, and
G N Orlovsky, and
Y V Panchin, and
L B Popova
January 1991,
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. C, Comparative pharmacology and toxicology,
Y I Arshavsky, and
T G Deliagina, and
I L Okshtein, and
G N Orlovsky, and
Y V Panchin, and
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June 1972,
The Journal of experimental biology,
Y I Arshavsky, and
T G Deliagina, and
I L Okshtein, and
G N Orlovsky, and
Y V Panchin, and
L B Popova
September 1948,
Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology,
Y I Arshavsky, and
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January 1983,
Developmental and comparative immunology,
Y I Arshavsky, and
T G Deliagina, and
I L Okshtein, and
G N Orlovsky, and
Y V Panchin, and
L B Popova
April 1948,
Comptes rendus des seances de la Societe de biologie et de ses filiales,
Y I Arshavsky, and
T G Deliagina, and
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G N Orlovsky, and
Y V Panchin, and
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January 1948,
Bulletin biologique de la France et de la Belgique,
Y I Arshavsky, and
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February 1979,
Biochimica et biophysica acta,
Y I Arshavsky, and
T G Deliagina, and
I L Okshtein, and
G N Orlovsky, and
Y V Panchin, and
L B Popova
June 1975,
Brain research,
Y I Arshavsky, and
T G Deliagina, and
I L Okshtein, and
G N Orlovsky, and
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August 2008,
Journal of chemical ecology,
