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Shockwave disintegration of gallbladder stones with lythic therapy of residual fragments is successful when all criteria of patient- and stone-selection, shockwave application and lysis are fulfilled. The "Four-S-stones" proved to be the best candidates: solitary, symptomatic, sonolucent in a sufficiently contractile gallbladder. The rate of complications is low. Stone recurrence rate (10 to 15% after three years) is much lower as in previous studies using lythic therapy only. The new therapeutic approach to gallbladder stone disease with fragmentation, spontaneous fragment-clearance and lysis of residual fragments is--as the only truly non-invasive procedure--for 10 to 20% of the patients an alternative equal to operation.
L Greiner, and
C Jakobeit, and
R Schumacher, and
W Johanns
January 1990,
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L Greiner, and
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L Greiner, and
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L Greiner, and
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L Greiner, and
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L Greiner, and
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L Greiner, and
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L Greiner, and
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L Greiner, and
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L Greiner, and
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