Biomaterial Database

Behavioral management of epileptic seizures following EEG biofeedback training of the sensorimotor rhythm. 1976

J F Lubar, and W W Bahler

Eight severely epileptic patients, four males and four females, ranging in age from 10 to 29 years, were trained to increase 12-14 Hzeta EEG activity from the regions overlying the Rolandic area. This activity, the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR), has been hypothesized to be related to motor inhibitory processes (Sterman, 1974). The patients represented a cross-section of several different types of epilepsy, including grand mal, myoclonic, akinetic, focal, and psychomotor types. Three of them had varying degrees of mental retardation. SMR was detected by a combination of an analog filtering system and digital processing. Feedback, both auditory and/or visual, was provided whenever one-half second of 12-14-Hz activity was detected in the EEG. Patients were provided with additional feedback keyed by the output of a 4-7-Hz filter which indicated the presence of epileptiform spike activity, slow waves, or movement. Feedback for SMR was inhibited whenever slow-wave activity spikes or movement was also present. During the treatment period most of the patients showed varying degrees of improvement. Two of the patients who had been severely epileptic, having multiple seizures per week, have been seizure free for periods of up to 1 month. Other patients have developed the ability to block many of their seizures. Seizure intensity and duration have also decreased. Furthermore, the successful patients demonstrated an increase in the amount of SMR and an increase in amplitude of SMR during the training period. Spectral analyses for the EEGs were performed periodically. The effectiveness of SMR conditioning for the control of epileptic seizures is evaluated in terms of patient characteristics and type of seizures.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008297	Male		Males
D009043	Motor Activity	Body movements of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.	Activities, Motor,Activity, Motor,Motor Activities
D010672	Phenytoin	An anticonvulsant that is used to treat a wide variety of seizures. It is also an anti-arrhythmic and a muscle relaxant. The mechanism of therapeutic action is not clear, although several cellular actions have been described including effects on ion channels, active transport, and general membrane stabilization. The mechanism of its muscle relaxant effect appears to involve a reduction in the sensitivity of muscle spindles to stretch. Phenytoin has been proposed for several other therapeutic uses, but its use has been limited by its many adverse effects and interactions with other drugs.	Diphenylhydantoin,Fenitoin,Phenhydan,5,5-Diphenylhydantoin,5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione,Antisacer,Difenin,Dihydan,Dilantin,Epamin,Epanutin,Hydantol,Phenytoin Sodium,Sodium Diphenylhydantoinate,Diphenylhydantoinate, Sodium
D004305	Dose-Response Relationship, Drug	The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.	Dose Response Relationship, Drug,Dose-Response Relationships, Drug,Drug Dose-Response Relationship,Drug Dose-Response Relationships,Relationship, Drug Dose-Response,Relationships, Drug Dose-Response
D004569	Electroencephalography	Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.	EEG,Electroencephalogram,Electroencephalograms
D004827	Epilepsy	A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	Aura,Awakening Epilepsy,Seizure Disorder,Epilepsy, Cryptogenic,Auras,Cryptogenic Epilepsies,Cryptogenic Epilepsy,Epilepsies,Epilepsies, Cryptogenic,Epilepsy, Awakening,Seizure Disorders
D004830	Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic	A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	Epilepsy, Grand Mal,Epilepsy, Major,Grand Mal Seizure Disorder,Major Motor Seizure Disorder,Seizure Disorder, Tonic Clonic,Convulsions, Grand Mal,Cryptogenic Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy,Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic, Cryptogenic,Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic, Familial,Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic, Symptomatic,Familial Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy,Seizure Disorder, Grand Mal,Seizure Disorder, Major Motor,Symptomatic Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy,Tonic Clonic Convulsions,Tonic-Clonic Convulsion Disorder,Tonic-Clonic Convulsion Syndrome,Tonic-Clonic Seizure Disorder,Tonic-Clonic Seizure Syndrome,Convulsion Disorder, Tonic-Clonic,Convulsion Disorders, Tonic-Clonic,Convulsion Syndrome, Tonic-Clonic,Convulsion Syndromes, Tonic-Clonic,Convulsion, Grand Mal,Convulsion, Tonic Clonic,Convulsions, Tonic Clonic,Cryptogenic Tonic Clonic Epilepsy,Cryptogenic Tonic-Clonic Epilepsies,Disorder, Tonic-Clonic Convulsion,Disorder, Tonic-Clonic Seizure,Disorders, Tonic-Clonic Convulsion,Disorders, Tonic-Clonic Seizure,Epilepsies, Cryptogenic Tonic-Clonic,Epilepsies, Familial Tonic-Clonic,Epilepsies, Symptomatic Tonic-Clonic,Epilepsies, Tonic-Clonic,Epilepsy, Cryptogenic Tonic-Clonic,Epilepsy, Familial Tonic-Clonic,Epilepsy, Symptomatic Tonic-Clonic,Epilepsy, Tonic Clonic,Familial Tonic Clonic Epilepsy,Familial Tonic-Clonic Epilepsies,Grand Mal Convulsion,Grand Mal Convulsions,Grand Mal Epilepsy,Major Epilepsies,Major Epilepsy,Seizure Disorder, Tonic-Clonic,Seizure Disorders, Tonic-Clonic,Seizure Syndrome, Tonic-Clonic,Seizure Syndromes, Tonic-Clonic,Symptomatic Tonic Clonic Epilepsy,Symptomatic Tonic-Clonic Epilepsies,Syndrome, Tonic-Clonic Convulsion,Syndrome, Tonic-Clonic Seizure,Syndromes, Tonic-Clonic Convulsion,Syndromes, Tonic-Clonic Seizure,Tonic Clonic Convulsion,Tonic Clonic Convulsion Disorder,Tonic Clonic Convulsion Syndrome,Tonic Clonic Seizure Disorder,Tonic Clonic Seizure Syndrome,Tonic-Clonic Convulsion Disorders,Tonic-Clonic Convulsion Syndromes,Tonic-Clonic Epilepsies,Tonic-Clonic Epilepsies, Cryptogenic,Tonic-Clonic Epilepsies, Familial,Tonic-Clonic Epilepsies, Symptomatic,Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy,Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy, Cryptogenic,Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy, Familial,Tonic-Clonic Epilepsy, Symptomatic,Tonic-Clonic Seizure Disorders,Tonic-Clonic Seizure Syndromes
D004831	Epilepsies, Myoclonic	A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	Idiopathic Myoclonic Epilepsy,Myoclonic Absence Epilepsy,Myoclonic Encephalopathy,Myoclonic Epilepsy,Symptomatic Myoclonic Epilepsy,Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy,Cryptogenic Myoclonic Epilepsy,Doose Syndrome,Dravet Syndrome,Early Childhood Epilepsy, Myoclonic,Early Childhood, Myoclonic Epilepsy,Encephalopathy, Myoclonic,Epilepsy, Early Childhood, Myoclonic,Epilepsy, Myoclonic, Early Childhood,Epilepsy, Myoclonic, Infantile,Epilepsy, Myoclonic, Infantile, Benign,Epilepsy, Myoclonic, Infantile, Severe,Epilepsy, Myoclonus,Infantile Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy,Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsy,Myoclonic Epilepsy, Benign Infantile,Myoclonic Epilepsy, Early Childhood,Myoclonic Epilepsy, Infantile,Myoclonic Epilepsy, Infantile, Benign,Myoclonic Epilepsy, Infantile, Severe,Myoclonic Epilepsy, Severe Infantile,Myoclonic Epilepsy, Severe, Of Infancy,Myoclonic Seizure Disorder,Severe Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy,Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy Of Infancy,Severe Myoclonic Epilepsy, Infantile,Astatic Epilepsies, Myoclonic,Astatic Epilepsy, Myoclonic,Cryptogenic Myoclonic Epilepsies,Dravet Syndromes,Encephalopathies, Myoclonic,Epilepsies, Cryptogenic Myoclonic,Epilepsies, Idiopathic Myoclonic,Epilepsies, Infantile Myoclonic,Epilepsies, Myoclonic Absence,Epilepsies, Myoclonic Astatic,Epilepsies, Symptomatic Myoclonic,Epilepsy, Cryptogenic Myoclonic,Epilepsy, Idiopathic Myoclonic,Epilepsy, Infantile Myoclonic,Epilepsy, Myoclonic,Epilepsy, Myoclonic Absence,Epilepsy, Myoclonic Astatic,Epilepsy, Symptomatic Myoclonic,Idiopathic Myoclonic Epilepsies,Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsies,Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy,Myoclonic Absence Epilepsies,Myoclonic Astatic Epilepsies,Myoclonic Encephalopathies,Myoclonic Epilepsies,Myoclonic Epilepsies, Cryptogenic,Myoclonic Epilepsies, Idiopathic,Myoclonic Epilepsies, Infantile,Myoclonic Epilepsies, Symptomatic,Myoclonic Epilepsy, Cryptogenic,Myoclonic Epilepsy, Idiopathic,Myoclonic Epilepsy, Symptomatic,Myoclonic Seizure Disorders,Myoclonus Epilepsies,Myoclonus Epilepsy,Seizure Disorder, Myoclonic,Seizure Disorders, Myoclonic,Symptomatic Myoclonic Epilepsies
D004832	Epilepsy, Absence	A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	Akinetic Petit Mal,Epilepsy, Minor,Petit Mal Epilepsy,Pyknolepsy,Absence Seizure Disorder,Childhood Absence Epilepsy,Epilepsy Juvenile Absence,Epilepsy, Absence, Atypical,Epilepsy, Petit Mal,Juvenile Absence Epilepsy,Pykno-Epilepsy,Seizure Disorder, Absence,Absence Epilepsy,Absence Epilepsy, Childhood,Absence Epilepsy, Juvenile,Absence Seizure Disorders,Epilepsy, Childhood Absence,Epilepsy, Juvenile Absence,Minor Epilepsy,Petit Mal, Akinetic,Pykno Epilepsy,Pyknolepsies,Seizure Disorders, Absence
D004833	Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe	A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	Epilepsy, Benign Psychomotor, Childhood,Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood,Childhood Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy,Epilepsy, Lateral Temporal,Epilepsy, Uncinate,Epilepsies, Lateral Temporal,Epilepsies, Temporal Lobe,Epilepsies, Uncinate,Lateral Temporal Epilepsies,Lateral Temporal Epilepsy,Temporal Lobe Epilepsies,Temporal Lobe Epilepsy,Uncinate Epilepsies,Uncinate Epilepsy