Because cocaine and ethanol are frequently abused in combination, the present study was performed to assess the behavioral consequences of concurrent access to both of these drugs. Rats trained to respond for food under a fixed-ratio 40 (FR 40) schedule of reinforcement during four, 30-min periods each day (every 6 h) were given free access to a 5% (w/v) ethanol solution and to water. Once a stable baseline of food, ethanol and water intake was established, intravenous cocaine was made available under a fixed-ratio 1 (FR1) schedule. After cocaine self-administration had been established for 10 days, the ethanol was removed from the chambers for 3 days. After the ethanol was returned to the chambers, saline was substituted for cocaine for 3 days. Following saline substitution, animals were given increased cocaine availability. Before cocaine was made available, rats consumed primarily the ethanol solution, averaging 31.7 ml of the 5% solution (4.2 g/kg ethanol), 10.2 ml of water and 148 food pellets/day. When cocaine (0.2 mg/kg per injection, i.v.) was made available, rats self-administered an average of 40-85 injections per day. Self-administration of cocaine resulted in small decreases in ethanol and food intake, as well as some changes in the pattern of ethanol intake. However, removing the ethanol from the chambers had no effect upon food and cocaine intake. Substitution of saline for the cocaine altered the pattern, but not the amount of ethanol intake. There was a trend toward increased ethanol intake during the study, which may have been related to repeated cycles of cocaine availability.