Biomaterial Database

Nicotine metabolic profile in man: comparison of cigarette smoking and transdermal nicotine. 1994

N L Benowitz, and P Jacob, and I Fong, and S Gupta

Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, San Francisco General Hospital Medical Center, California.

The objectives of this study were to 1) quantitatively assess human exposure to various metabolites of nicotine, 2) examine the influence of inhalation vs. transdermal administration on the patterns of nicotine metabolism, and 3) assess the extent of recovery of nicotine as various metabolites in people whose systemic intake of nicotine has been measured. Twelve smokers were studied while smoking cigarettes and while receiving transdermal nicotine. Urinary excretion of nicotine and eight of its metabolites was measured under steady state conditions. The systemic intake of nicotine in these subjects was determined using plasma concentrations and intravenous clearance data, so the percentage of their daily dose of nicotine excreted as various metabolites could be computed. The major findings of the study are as follows: 1) a high percentage (averaging 88%) of a systemic dose of nicotine can be accounted for by measurement of nicotine and its metabolites; 2) the pattern of metabolism is generally similar when nicotine is inhaled or absorbed transdermally; 3) while there is considerable interindividual variability in the pattern of metabolism, the pattern is consistent for an individual; and 4) within individuals, the extent of conjugation of nicotine and cotinine is highly correlated, but neither is correlated with the extent of conjugation of 3'-hydroxycotinine. This suggests that similar enzymes are involved in the conjugation of nicotine and cotinine, and that a different enzyme may be involved in the conjugation of 3'-hydroxycotinine.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008297	Male		Males
D008875	Middle Aged	An adult aged 45 - 64 years.	Middle Age
D009538	Nicotine	Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke.	Nicotine Bitartrate,Nicotine Tartrate
D010947	Plants, Toxic	Plants or plant parts which are harmful to man or other animals.	Plants, Poisonous,Plant, Poisonous,Plant, Toxic,Poisonous Plant,Poisonous Plants,Toxic Plant,Toxic Plants
D012016	Reference Values	The range or frequency distribution of a measurement in a population (of organisms, organs or things) that has not been selected for the presence of disease or abnormality.	Normal Range,Normal Values,Reference Ranges,Normal Ranges,Normal Value,Range, Normal,Range, Reference,Ranges, Normal,Ranges, Reference,Reference Range,Reference Value,Value, Normal,Value, Reference,Values, Normal,Values, Reference
D003367	Cotinine	The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.	Scotine
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000279	Administration, Cutaneous	The application of suitable drug dosage forms to the skin for either local or systemic effects.	Cutaneous Drug Administration,Dermal Drug Administration,Drug Administration, Dermal,Percutaneous Administration,Skin Drug Administration,Transcutaneous Administration,Transdermal Administration,Administration, Dermal,Administration, Transcutaneous,Administration, Transdermal,Cutaneous Administration,Cutaneous Administration, Drug,Dermal Administration,Drug Administration, Cutaneous,Skin Administration, Drug,Administration, Cutaneous Drug,Administration, Dermal Drug,Administration, Percutaneous,Administrations, Cutaneous,Administrations, Cutaneous Drug,Administrations, Dermal,Administrations, Dermal Drug,Administrations, Percutaneous,Administrations, Transcutaneous,Administrations, Transdermal,Cutaneous Administrations,Cutaneous Administrations, Drug,Cutaneous Drug Administrations,Dermal Administrations,Dermal Drug Administrations,Drug Administrations, Cutaneous,Drug Administrations, Dermal,Drug Skin Administrations,Percutaneous Administrations,Skin Administrations, Drug,Skin Drug Administrations,Transcutaneous Administrations,Transdermal Administrations
D000328	Adult	A person having attained full growth or maturity. Adults are of 19 through 44 years of age. For a person between 19 and 24 years of age, YOUNG ADULT is available.	Adults
D012907	Smoking	Willful or deliberate act of inhaling and exhaling SMOKE from burning substances or agents held by hand.	Smoking Behaviors,Smoking Habit,Behavior, Smoking,Behaviors, Smoking,Habit, Smoking,Habits, Smoking,Smoking Behavior,Smoking Habits