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The frequency of thioguanine-resistant, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of human subjects was used to study the genotoxic effects of smoking. Sixty-two nonsmokers and 58 smokers, aged 19 to 45 years with average ages of 30 and 32 years, respectively, and with no other known exposures, were studied using an in vitro assay of the frequency of mutant lymphocyte clones. Analysis of variance explained 68% of the variation in the mutant frequencies. Mutant frequency was dependent upon lymphocyte cloning efficiency, length of smoking history, age, and interactions between these variables. Four nonsmokers and three smokers had high mutant frequencies that were not explained by these variables. Mutant frequencies were inversely related to lymphocyte cloning efficiencies; the effect was twice as great for smokers as for nonsmokers. The time-dependent effect of smoking dominated, with mutant frequency increasing 10%/year of smoking as compared with an independent 1%/year of age. Smoking had a greater effect on young smokers' lymphocytes. Heterogeneity of mutant frequency among both smokers and nonsmokers and its implications for use of lymphocyte mutation assays as biomarkers are discussed.
I M Jones, and
D H Moore, and
C B Thomas, and
C L Thompson, and
C L Strout, and
K Burkhart-Schultz
January 1997,
Environmental and molecular mutagenesis,
I M Jones, and
D H Moore, and
C B Thomas, and
C L Thompson, and
C L Strout, and
K Burkhart-Schultz
March 1992,
Mutation research,
I M Jones, and
D H Moore, and
C B Thomas, and
C L Thompson, and
C L Strout, and
K Burkhart-Schultz
July 1995,
Mutation research,
I M Jones, and
D H Moore, and
C B Thomas, and
C L Thompson, and
C L Strout, and
K Burkhart-Schultz
July 2003,
Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association,
I M Jones, and
D H Moore, and
C B Thomas, and
C L Thompson, and
C L Strout, and
K Burkhart-Schultz
January 1998,
Environmental and molecular mutagenesis,
I M Jones, and
D H Moore, and
C B Thomas, and
C L Thompson, and
C L Strout, and
K Burkhart-Schultz
January 1976,
The American review of respiratory disease,
I M Jones, and
D H Moore, and
C B Thomas, and
C L Thompson, and
C L Strout, and
K Burkhart-Schultz
March 1995,
Mutation research,
I M Jones, and
D H Moore, and
C B Thomas, and
C L Thompson, and
C L Strout, and
K Burkhart-Schultz
February 1993,
Mutation research,
I M Jones, and
D H Moore, and
C B Thomas, and
C L Thompson, and
C L Strout, and
K Burkhart-Schultz
October 1995,
Mutation research,
I M Jones, and
D H Moore, and
C B Thomas, and
C L Thompson, and
C L Strout, and
K Burkhart-Schultz
January 2004,
Genetic testing,
