Biomaterial Database

Refraction as a basis for screening children for squint and amblyopia. 1977

R M Ingram

+2-00 to +2-75 dioptres of spherical hypermetropia in the more emmetropic of a pair of eyes is significantly associated with esotropia (P less than 0-001) and the presence of amblyopia (P less than 0-01). Anisometropia is not significantly associated with esotropia (P = 0-31) unless there is spherical hypermetropia of +2-00 dioptres or more in the more emmetropic eye (P less than 0-001). Hypermetropic anisometropia of +1-00 DS or +1-00 D.Cyl. is associated with the presence of amblyopia (P less than 0-001). In the absence of esotropia there is also a significant association between the amount of anisometropia and the initial depth of amblyopia (P less than 0-01). The additional presence of esotropia increases the depth of amblyopia further (P less than 0-05) but not the incidence of amblyopia (P greater than 0-30). The level of significance of the association of refractive errors with squint/amblyopia was itself significantly higher (P less than 0-01) than that between a family history of squint or "lazy eye" on the one hand and squint and/or amblyopia on the other hand. 72 +/- 3% of all cases of esotropia and/or amblyopia in this sample of children had a refractive error of +2-00 DS or more spherical hypermetropia in the more emmetropic eye, or +1-00 D. or more spherical or cylindrical anisometropia. Since there is a close association between the refraction and how, when, and whether a child presents with squint and/or amblyopia, it would seem reasonable to reconsider refraction as a basis for screening young children for visual defects.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007223	Infant	A child between 1 and 23 months of age.	Infants
D012029	Refraction, Ocular	Refraction of LIGHT effected by the media of the EYE.	Ocular Refraction,Ocular Refractions,Refractions, Ocular
D012030	Refractive Errors	Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.	Ametropia,Refractive Disorders,Ametropias,Disorder, Refractive,Disorders, Refractive,Error, Refractive,Errors, Refractive,Refractive Disorder,Refractive Error
D002648	Child	A person 6 to 12 years of age. An individual 2 to 5 years old is CHILD, PRESCHOOL.	Children
D002675	Child, Preschool	A child between the ages of 2 and 5.	Children, Preschool,Preschool Child,Preschool Children
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000550	Amblyopia	A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.	Anisometropic Amblyopia,Lazy Eye,Amblyopia, Developmental,Amblyopia, Stimulus Deprivation-Induced,Amblyopia, Suppression,Stimulus Deprivation-Induced Amblyopia,Amblyopia, Anisometropic,Amblyopia, Stimulus Deprivation Induced,Amblyopias,Amblyopias, Anisometropic,Amblyopias, Developmental,Amblyopias, Stimulus Deprivation-Induced,Amblyopias, Suppression,Anisometropic Amblyopias,Deprivation-Induced Amblyopia, Stimulus,Deprivation-Induced Amblyopias, Stimulus,Developmental Amblyopia,Developmental Amblyopias,Eye, Lazy,Eyes, Lazy,Lazy Eyes,Stimulus Deprivation Induced Amblyopia,Stimulus Deprivation-Induced Amblyopias,Suppression Amblyopia,Suppression Amblyopias
D013285	Strabismus	Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)	Concomitant Strabismus,Dissociated Horizontal Deviation,Dissociated Vertical Deviation,Heterophoria,Heterotropias,Hypertropia,Non-Concomitant Strabismus,Nonconcomitant Strabismus,Phorias,Squint,Strabismus, Comitant,Strabismus, Noncomitant,Convergent Comitant Strabismus,Mechanical Strabismus,Comitant Strabismus,Comitant Strabismus, Convergent,Deviation, Dissociated Horizontal,Dissociated Horizontal Deviations,Dissociated Vertical Deviations,Heterophorias,Heterotropia,Horizontal Deviation, Dissociated,Hypertropias,Non Concomitant Strabismus,Noncomitant Strabismus,Phoria,Strabismus, Concomitant,Strabismus, Convergent Comitant,Strabismus, Mechanical,Strabismus, Non-Concomitant,Strabismus, Nonconcomitant
D014787	Vision Tests	A series of tests used to assess various functions of the eyes.	Test, Vision,Tests, Vision,Vision Test