The increase in the mass of cholesterol esters in the liver was used to estimate hepatic net uptake rates of cholesterol from various serum and intestinal lipoprotein fractions. Initial uptake rates equalled essentially zero for high density serum lipoproteins and for large chylomicrons while administration of both low density serum lipoproteins and smaller chylomicrons produced a significant increase in hepatic cholesterol ester levels. The rate of uptake of both serum lipoprotein fractions did not change over a 5 h interval after injection: in contrast, the rates of uptake of the intestinal fractions increased 10-25-fold during this interval. Circulation of large chylomicrons in functionally eviscerated rats markedly increased the rate of hepatic cholesterol uptake when these metabolized lipoproteins were reinjected into recipient animals. Uptake of cholesterol from intestinal lipoproteins was essentially a linear function of the amount of chylomicrons administered to the animals and was independent of the level of circulating serum cholesterol and the rate of hepatic cholesterogenesis. These observations are consistent with the view that the liver is capable of taking up cholesterol from chylomicron remnants and, at significantly lower rate, low density serum lipoproteins.