We investigated the incidence of respiratory complications and oxygen saturation level during emergence from sevoflurane anesthesia in children whose tracheas were extubated while they were anesthetized or after they became awake. Thirty children, aged 1-10 years, were studied. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane or thiopental and maintained with nitrous oxide, oxygen and sevoflurane. After nitrous oxide was discontinued at the end of surgery, the patients were randomly assigned to two groups: deeply anesthetized extubation group (anesthetized group) and awake extubation group (awake group). In anesthetized group, the patients were extubated while they were administered 1.5% or higher sevoflurane in 100% oxygen. In awake group, extubation was performed while the patients were awake. The incidence of respiratory complications such as apnea, laryngospasm, bronchospasm and arrythmias was not significantly different between the two groups. There was a significantly higher incidence of the airway obstruction but less incidence of cough and breath-holding in anesthetized group. Oxygen saturation level before and after tracheal extubation was not different between the two groups. In conclusion, with proper attention to airway obstruction, it may be possible to extubate while children are deeply anesthetized with sevoflurane.