Amphetamine and related compounds have previously been shown to differentially release dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) in vivo and in vitro. The purpose of this report is directly to compare five amphetamine analogs on differential reinforcement of low rate 36-s (DRL 36-s) schedule performance, and to determine whether the reported increases in dopamine and/or serotonin release induced by these drugs can be related to observed behavioral differences. Amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH) induced large increases in response rate, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and para-chloroamphetamine (PCA) caused small increases in response rate, while fenfluramine (FEN) had no effect on response rate. AMPH, METH, PCA and MDMA caused a dose-dependent decrease in reinforcement rate, and FEN had no effect on reinforcement rate. AMPH, METH, and PCA but not FEN, shifted the peak of the inter-response time (IRT) distribution toward shorter intervals, MDMA decreased peak location only at the highest dose. All five drugs caused a dose-dependent decrease in peak area, indicating a loss of schedule control on the DRL 36-s schedule. Consistent with in vitro and in vivo release studies, the differential results of these five drugs on DRL 36-s schedule performance suggest a predominant dopamine role for AMPH and METH, a predominant serotonin role for FEN, and different degrees of combined dopaminergic and serotonergic roles for MDMA and PCA in the mediation of the task.