The participants of Forum Two addressed the unanswered research questions about metabolic control and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). The most compelling issue was the effect of metabolic control on both the development and progression of macrovascular disease in patients with NIDDM. Associated questions that could be answered by a well-controlled clinical trial related to the goal of blood glucose control in NIDDM in the elderly and in persons with clinical vascular disease. The specific suggestion was a trial similar to the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Glycemic Control and Complications in NIDDM. Another important research issue that was discussed was the benefit of treating other risk factors such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia in diabetic patients. Yet another area discussed was the study of health services delivery to examine the best care-delivery methods for diabetes and other chronic diseases. Other areas of discussion centered on basic research, that is, the fundamental cause of insulin resistance and the genetics of NIDDM and the loss of protection against atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with diabetes.