Intraluminal brachytherapy (Il-BRT) consists in the treatment of neoplasms by the positioning of radioactive sources in the lumen of cavitary organs such as the esophagus, the trachea, the bronchi and bile ducts. This procedure has been used to deliver relatively high doses of irradiation to bile duct and periampullary carcinomas while sparing the adjacent organs. Results of a number of reports appeared in the last fifteen years document the feasibility and tolerance of the procedure. Moreover these data seem to suggest that Il-BRT is able to prolong the survival of patients undergoing biliary drainage and that its use as boost dose in external beam radiotherapy (ERT) enhances the results of the latter. Combined ERT+Il-BRT is associated to an incidence of gastrointestinal ulcerations related to the total dose delivered. Better patient selection and standardization of reference dose represent prerequisites for testing this procedure in prospective randomized trials.