The results are reported of HDR intracavitary brachytherapy in 134 esophageal carcinoma patients (110 men and 24 women) treated in 10 Italian centers. Forty-one patients received radical treatment and brachytherapy was often combined with external irradiation and/or chemotherapy. Clinical response rates follow: 56% complete remissions, 34% partial remissions, 10% no response/disease progression and not assessed. Ninety-three patients underwent palliative treatment: dysphagia was reduced in 80% of them and pain was reduced in 71% of them. Treatment-induced esophageal damage consisted in G3-G4 esophagitis (5% of patients), strictures (10%) and fistulas (3%). Complication rates were correlated with fraction dose (9.5% complications for fraction doses < 500 cGy, 20% with doses ranging 500-800 cGy and 38% with fraction doses > 800 cGy). Moreover, the esophagus was more severely injured when small tubes were used (24% with tubes phi < 2 mm, 19% with tubes phi 2-6 mm and 5% with tubes phi > 6 mm). When external irradiation was combined with brachytherapy, dysphagia was more relieved than with brachytherapy alone (89% vs. 71%), with no increase in complication rates. Also the chemotherapy-brachytherapy combination improved swallowing more than brachytherapy alone (88% vs. 79%) and once again complication rates did not increase. To conclude, in the radical treatment of esophageal carcinoma, HDR brachytherapy permits higher radiation doses to be delivered, with fair complication rates. As for palliative treatment, HDR brachytherapy is safe, has low morbidity and provides adequate relief of dysphagia in 80% of patients. We suggest the use of tubes phi > 6 mm and fraction doses ranging 5-6 Gy.