Biomaterial Database

Evolution of the haemagglutinin-esterase gene of influenza C virus. 1996

Y Muraki, and S Hongo, and K Sugawara, and F Kitame, and K Nakamura

Department of Bacteriology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Japan. ymuraki@med.id.yamagata-u.ac.jp

The nucleotide sequences of the haemagglutinin-esterase (HE) genes of 18 influenza C virus strains isolated in Japan during the period from 1964 to 1988 (11 published and 7 new sequences) were analysed to examine their evolutionary relationships. The phylogenetic tree constructed by the maximum parsimony method revealed the existence of four discrete lineages (I to IV), one of which (lineage III) may have died out in the late 1970s. Sequential evolution was demonstrated within seven strains of lineage I, which allowed estimation of an evolutionary rate of 0.49 x 10-3 nucleotide substitutions per site per year, a value corresponding to about one-ninth of the rates of human influenza A virus haemagglutinin genes. In the previously proposed immunodominant region on HE protein (positions 178 to 217), there was little or no amino acid sequence divergence among viruses on the same lineage although considerable divergence was seen among those on different lineages, raising the possibility that immune selection may not have played a significant role in the evolution of the glycoprotein, at least not after separation into lineages occurred. It was also found that the HE genes of the seven isolates obtained outside Japan during 1966-1983 could be each assigned to one of lineages I, II and IV, which suggests that influenza C virus is capable of spreading worldwide.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008969	Molecular Sequence Data	Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.	Sequence Data, Molecular,Molecular Sequencing Data,Data, Molecular Sequence,Data, Molecular Sequencing,Sequencing Data, Molecular
D009982	Gammainfluenzavirus	A genus of the family ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE comprising viruses similar to types A and B but less common, more stable, more homogeneous, and lacking the neuraminidase protein. They have not been associated with epidemics but may cause mild influenza. Influenza C virus is the type species.	FLUCV,Gammainfluenzavirus influenzae,Influenza C Virus,Influenza Viruses Type C,Influenza virus type C,Influenzavirus C,Orthomyxoviruses Type C,Gammainfluenzaviruses,Influenza C Viruses,Virus, Influenza C
D010802	Phylogeny	The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.	Community Phylogenetics,Molecular Phylogenetics,Phylogenetic Analyses,Phylogenetic Analysis,Phylogenetic Clustering,Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis,Phylogenetic Comparative Methods,Phylogenetic Distance,Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares,Phylogenetic Groups,Phylogenetic Incongruence,Phylogenetic Inference,Phylogenetic Networks,Phylogenetic Reconstruction,Phylogenetic Relatedness,Phylogenetic Relationships,Phylogenetic Signal,Phylogenetic Structure,Phylogenetic Tree,Phylogenetic Trees,Phylogenomics,Analyse, Phylogenetic,Analysis, Phylogenetic,Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative,Clustering, Phylogenetic,Community Phylogenetic,Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic,Comparative Method, Phylogenetic,Distance, Phylogenetic,Group, Phylogenetic,Incongruence, Phylogenetic,Inference, Phylogenetic,Method, Phylogenetic Comparative,Molecular Phylogenetic,Network, Phylogenetic,Phylogenetic Analyse,Phylogenetic Clusterings,Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses,Phylogenetic Comparative Method,Phylogenetic Distances,Phylogenetic Group,Phylogenetic Incongruences,Phylogenetic Inferences,Phylogenetic Network,Phylogenetic Reconstructions,Phylogenetic Relatednesses,Phylogenetic Relationship,Phylogenetic Signals,Phylogenetic Structures,Phylogenetic, Community,Phylogenetic, Molecular,Phylogenies,Phylogenomic,Reconstruction, Phylogenetic,Relatedness, Phylogenetic,Relationship, Phylogenetic,Signal, Phylogenetic,Structure, Phylogenetic,Tree, Phylogenetic
D002642	Chick Embryo	The developmental entity of a fertilized chicken egg (ZYGOTE). The developmental process begins about 24 h before the egg is laid at the BLASTODISC, a small whitish spot on the surface of the EGG YOLK. After 21 days of incubation, the embryo is fully developed before hatching.	Embryo, Chick,Chick Embryos,Embryos, Chick
D002645	Chickens	Common name for the species Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl, in the family Phasianidae, order GALLIFORMES. It is descended from the red jungle fowl of SOUTHEAST ASIA.	Gallus gallus,Gallus domesticus,Gallus gallus domesticus,Chicken
D004279	DNA, Viral	Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.	Viral DNA
D005814	Genes, Viral	The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.	Viral Genes,Gene, Viral,Viral Gene
D006389	Hemagglutinins, Viral	Specific hemagglutinin subtypes encoded by VIRUSES.	Viral Hemagglutinin,Viral Hemagglutinins,Hemagglutinin, Viral
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000595	Amino Acid Sequence	The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.	Protein Structure, Primary,Amino Acid Sequences,Sequence, Amino Acid,Sequences, Amino Acid,Primary Protein Structure,Primary Protein Structures,Protein Structures, Primary,Structure, Primary Protein,Structures, Primary Protein