OBJECTIVE To discuss the major issues involved in the consistent and effective use of barrier methods of contraception. METHODS Major research and review articles on barrier methods published within the last 10 years were considered. One major source of articles was Family Planning Perspectives. METHODS This paper is a focused review and integration of recent literature rather than a comprehensive literature review. Only selected articles published since 1986 that are pertinent to the issues raised are included. RESULTS All barrier methods have common characteristics that influence their patterns of use. The correct and consistent use of such methods is determined by the complex interaction of characteristics of the methods themselves, characteristics of users, and the situational context. Method characteristics include the extent of interference with sexual spontaneity and enjoyment, the amount of partner cooperation required, and the ability of the method to protect against human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted diseases. User characteristics include motivation to avoid unintended pregnancy, ability to plan, comfort with sexuality, and previous contraceptive use. Stage of sexual career, relationship characteristics, and physical and sexual abuse are important situational influences. CONCLUSIONS Even though most barrier methods can be obtained without a prescription from a provider, clinicians have an extremely important role in promoting effective and consistent method use. Four major ways to improve the use of barrier methods currently available include: 1) improve method characteristics and the distribution systems; 2) change consumers' perceptions of method attributes; 3) train consumers to use methods correctly and overcome-perceived negative characteristics of the methods; and 4) change values about the perceived importance of method characteristics. There also is an urgent need for the development of better barrier methods.