-transparent.png){kind=logo}
We hypothesized that CO2, like hypoxia and withdrawal of pulmonary slowly adapting receptor input, would cause tracheal constriction during neural apnea (absence of phrenic activity). In seven anesthetized paralyzed dogs ventilated to neural apnea, we increased arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) in steps by adding CO2 to the inspirate while keeping ventilation constant. Increases in PaCO2 caused tracheal constriction during neural apnea in all dogs; 69 +/- 26 (SD)% of the change in tracheal diameter occurred during neural apnea. Average sensitivity of tracheal diameter to CO2 was 0.44 mm/Torr PaCO2. Our data suggest that central chemoreceptor inputs to brain stem neurons controlling smooth muscle of the extrathoracic airway bypass central mechanisms generating inspiration.
J Dickstein, and
A Greenberg, and
J Kruger, and
A Robicsek, and
J A Silverman, and
L Z Sommer, and
D D Sommer, and
G A Volgyesi, and
S Iscoe, and
J A Fisher
July 1968,
Gastroenterology,
J Dickstein, and
A Greenberg, and
J Kruger, and
A Robicsek, and
J A Silverman, and
L Z Sommer, and
D D Sommer, and
G A Volgyesi, and
S Iscoe, and
J A Fisher
February 1995,
Anesthesia and analgesia,
J Dickstein, and
A Greenberg, and
J Kruger, and
A Robicsek, and
J A Silverman, and
L Z Sommer, and
D D Sommer, and
G A Volgyesi, and
S Iscoe, and
J A Fisher
May 1980,
Journal of applied physiology: respiratory, environmental and exercise physiology,
J Dickstein, and
A Greenberg, and
J Kruger, and
A Robicsek, and
J A Silverman, and
L Z Sommer, and
D D Sommer, and
G A Volgyesi, and
S Iscoe, and
J A Fisher
December 1995,
Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation,
J Dickstein, and
A Greenberg, and
J Kruger, and
A Robicsek, and
J A Silverman, and
L Z Sommer, and
D D Sommer, and
G A Volgyesi, and
S Iscoe, and
J A Fisher
June 1987,
Anesthesia and analgesia,
J Dickstein, and
A Greenberg, and
J Kruger, and
A Robicsek, and
J A Silverman, and
L Z Sommer, and
D D Sommer, and
G A Volgyesi, and
S Iscoe, and
J A Fisher
September 1994,
Anesthesiology,
J Dickstein, and
A Greenberg, and
J Kruger, and
A Robicsek, and
J A Silverman, and
L Z Sommer, and
D D Sommer, and
G A Volgyesi, and
S Iscoe, and
J A Fisher
August 1987,
Respiration physiology,
J Dickstein, and
A Greenberg, and
J Kruger, and
A Robicsek, and
J A Silverman, and
L Z Sommer, and
D D Sommer, and
G A Volgyesi, and
S Iscoe, and
J A Fisher
February 1990,
Journal of the autonomic nervous system,
J Dickstein, and
A Greenberg, and
J Kruger, and
A Robicsek, and
J A Silverman, and
L Z Sommer, and
D D Sommer, and
G A Volgyesi, and
S Iscoe, and
J A Fisher
January 1979,
Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases,
J Dickstein, and
A Greenberg, and
J Kruger, and
A Robicsek, and
J A Silverman, and
L Z Sommer, and
D D Sommer, and
G A Volgyesi, and
S Iscoe, and
J A Fisher
July 1979,
The American review of respiratory disease,
