We have studied event-related potentials (ERPs) during a visual paired association task with delayed discrimination in 10 normal right-handed subjects. After subjects completely memorized 4 pairs of figures during a learning period, they were presented with each cue (S1) and asked to judge whether the following figure (S2) formed one of the memorized pairs or not. A choice reaction task with delay was used for control in an attempt to identify brain activity specifically related to memory function. ERPs were recorded from 21 scalp electrodes and those occurring between the S1 and S2 presentation were analyzed. Two ERP components associated with memory function were identified in the difference waveform between the responses in the paired association task and those in the choice reaction task. One was a posterior positive component which appeared between 390 ms and 1100 ms after the S1 presentation and the other was a sustained frontal negative component which began at about 1100 ms after S1 and ended just before the S2 presentation. Both potentials were distributed predominantly on the scalp overlying the left hemisphere. It is postulated that the early posterior positive component may reflect retrieval of information from association memory, whereas the late frontal negativity may reflect retention of information in working memory.