Controversy exists over how the nutritional condition of the donor liver affects transplant outcome. Some studies suggest that livers from fasted animals (liver glycogen-depleted) are more readily injured than livers from fed animals. Our previous study suggested the opposite, i.e., livers from donors fasted for 4 days were significantly more viable on orthotopic liver transplantation. Fasting may decrease the sensitivity of the liver to an inflammatory response or block Kupffer cell activation following transplantation. Thus, long-term fasting may be beneficial for reasons unrelated to liver glycogen content. In this study we attempted to separate out the roles of fasting and liver glycogen in liver transplant outcome by fasting donors for 2 days and then feeding them only glucose to elevate liver glycogen. Rats (Brown Norway) were fed (standard diet), fasted (4 days), or fasted 2 days and then fed glucose (in water) for 2 days. Livers were preserved for either 30 or 44 h in UW solution and transplanted. Four-day fasting of the donor improved the survival rate in liver transplantation (50%-100% in 30-h cold storage, 29%-83% in 44-h cold storage). However, feeding glucose for 2 days to fasted animals caused a decrease in survival in this series of transplants (40% in 30-h cold storage, 0% in 44-h cold storage). In the glucose-fed group, liver glycogen was 240% of that in the control group. This suggests that the presence of a high concentration of liver glycogen is not beneficial to the preserved and transplanted rat liver.