Effect of age, ethnicity, and head injury on the association between APOE genotypes and Alzheimer's disease. 1996

M X Tang, and G Maestre, and W Y Tsai, and X H Liu, and L Feng, and W Y Chung, and M Chun, and P Schofield, and Y Stern, and B Tycko, and R Mayeux
Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.

The association between apolipoprotein E (APOE)-epsilon 4 and Alzheimer's disease has been confirmed worldwide. We and others have observed a diminished association in the very old and among African-Americans compared to Caucasians and Hispanics in New York. In this review we describe a new method we developed to compare relative risks by APOE genotypes in an expanded cohort of cases and controls from three ethnic groups in a New York City community and discuss the association as between APOE epsilon 4 and Alzheimer's disease as modified by head injury. Compared to persons with APOE epsilon 3/epsilon 3 genotypes, relative risk (RR) for Alzheimer's disease associated with APOE epsilon 4 homozygosity was similar across ethnic groups (African-American RR = 3.3; 95% c.i. 1.6-6.8; Caucasian RR = 5.3; 1.6-16.0; Hispanic RR = 2.5; 1.1-5.8). The risk was also increased for APOE epsilon 4 heterozygous Caucasians (RR = 3.2; 1.8-5.8) and Hispanics (RR 1.5; 1.0-2.2) but not African-Americans (RR = 0.6; 0.4-0.9). Risk of AD was not significantly diminished for individuals in any group with APOE epsilon 2/epsilon 2 or -epsilon 2/epsilon 3 genotypes. A 10-fold increase in the risk of Alzheimer's disease was associated with both APOE epsilon 4 and a history of traumatic head injury, compared to a twofold increase in risk with APOE epsilon 4 alone. Head injury in the absence of an APOE epsilon 4 allele did not increase risk. These results imply that in Alzheimer's disease genotypic risk associated with APOE may be influenced by age, ethnicity, and certain environmental factors.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008297 Male Males
D001741 Black or African American A person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa (https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1997/10/30/97-28653/revisions-to-the-standards-for-the classification-of-federal-data-on-race-and-ethnicity). In the United States it is used for classification of federal government data on race and ethnicity. Race and ethnicity terms are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in MeSH to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies. African American,African Americans,African-American,Afro-American,Afro-Americans,Black Americans,Blacks,Negroes,African-Americans,Negro,Afro American,Afro Americans,American, African,American, Black,Black American
D005006 Ethnicity A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. Ethnic Groups,Nationality,Ethnic Group,Nationalities
D005260 Female Females
D005787 Gene Frequency The proportion of one particular in the total of all ALLELES for one genetic locus in a breeding POPULATION. Allele Frequency,Genetic Equilibrium,Equilibrium, Genetic,Allele Frequencies,Frequencies, Allele,Frequencies, Gene,Frequency, Allele,Frequency, Gene,Gene Frequencies
D005838 Genotype The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS. Genogroup,Genogroups,Genotypes
D006259 Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. Frontal Region Trauma,Head Injuries,Head Trauma,Occipital Region Trauma,Parietal Region Trauma,Temporal Region Trauma,Craniocerebral Injuries,Crushing Skull Injury,Forehead Trauma,Head Injuries, Multiple,Head Injury, Minor,Head Injury, Open,Head Injury, Superficial,Injuries, Craniocerebral,Injuries, Head,Multiple Head Injuries,Occipital Trauma,Open Head Injury,Superficial Head Injury,Trauma, Head,Craniocerebral Injury,Craniocerebral Traumas,Crushing Skull Injuries,Forehead Traumas,Frontal Region Traumas,Head Injuries, Minor,Head Injuries, Open,Head Injuries, Superficial,Head Injury,Head Injury, Multiple,Head Traumas,Injuries, Minor Head,Injuries, Multiple Head,Injuries, Open Head,Injuries, Superficial Head,Injury, Craniocerebral,Injury, Head,Injury, Minor Head,Injury, Multiple Head,Injury, Open Head,Injury, Superficial Head,Minor Head Injuries,Minor Head Injury,Multiple Head Injury,Occipital Region Traumas,Occipital Traumas,Open Head Injuries,Parietal Region Traumas,Region Trauma, Frontal,Region Trauma, Occipital,Region Trauma, Parietal,Region Traumas, Frontal,Region Traumas, Occipital,Region Traumas, Parietal,Skull Injuries, Crushing,Skull Injury, Crushing,Superficial Head Injuries,Temporal Region Traumas,Trauma, Craniocerebral,Trauma, Forehead,Trauma, Frontal Region,Trauma, Occipital,Trauma, Occipital Region,Trauma, Parietal Region,Trauma, Temporal Region,Traumas, Craniocerebral,Traumas, Forehead,Traumas, Frontal Region,Traumas, Head,Traumas, Occipital,Traumas, Occipital Region,Traumas, Parietal Region,Traumas, Temporal Region
D006630 Hispanic or Latino A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race (https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1997/10/30/97-28653/revisions-to-the-standards-for-the-classification-of-federal-data-on-race-and-ethnicity). In the United States it is used for classification of federal government data on race and ethnicity. Race and ethnicity terms are self-identified social construct and may include terms outdated and offensive in MeSH to assist users who are interested in retrieving comprehensive search results for studies such as in longitudinal studies. Cuban Americans,Hispanic Americans,Latin Americans, US,Latinas,Latinos,Latinx,Puerto Ricans,Spanish Americans,Hispanics,American, Hispanic,American, US Latin,Cuban American,Hispanic American,Hispanic or Latinos,Latin American, US,Latina,Latino,Puerto Rican,Spanish American,US Latin American,US Latin Americans
D006801 Humans Members of the species Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000367 Age Factors Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time. Age Reporting,Age Factor,Factor, Age,Factors, Age

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