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The magnitude, mismatch and temporal variations of the electrode-gel-skin interface impedance can cause problems in electrical impedance tomography (EIT) measurement. It is shown that at the high frequencies generally encountered in EIT the capacitive properties of the electrode interface, and especially those of the skin, are of primary importance. A wide range of techniques are reviewed that could possibly be used to minimise these problems. These techniques include the use of skin preparation, penetration enhancers, temperature and electrical impulses. Although several of these techniques appear very attractive, they are not without serious potential drawbacks. A combination of some of these techniques may well hold the key to success.
E T McAdams, and
J Jossinet, and
A Lackermeier, and
F Risacher
October 2009,
Medical & biological engineering & computing,
E T McAdams, and
J Jossinet, and
A Lackermeier, and
F Risacher
April 1993,
IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering,
E T McAdams, and
J Jossinet, and
A Lackermeier, and
F Risacher
January 2015,
PloS one,
E T McAdams, and
J Jossinet, and
A Lackermeier, and
F Risacher
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PloS one,
E T McAdams, and
J Jossinet, and
A Lackermeier, and
F Risacher
May 1994,
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E T McAdams, and
J Jossinet, and
A Lackermeier, and
F Risacher
January 2013,
Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference,
E T McAdams, and
J Jossinet, and
A Lackermeier, and
F Risacher
December 2022,
Heliyon,
E T McAdams, and
J Jossinet, and
A Lackermeier, and
F Risacher
February 2004,
Physiological measurement,
E T McAdams, and
J Jossinet, and
A Lackermeier, and
F Risacher
November 1988,
The American journal of cardiology,
E T McAdams, and
J Jossinet, and
A Lackermeier, and
F Risacher
June 1998,
Physics in medicine and biology,
