Twenty Holstein cows were fed diets that were formulated with 16 or 19% crude protein (CP) that contained, respectively, 6 and 9% ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) (dry matter basis) to study the effect of increased RUP on tissue mobilization and production parameters. Cows were enrolled in the study from -14 to 114 d postpartum. Body composition measurements using the D2O dilution technique were made at -2, 5, and 12 wk postpartum. Maximum loss of body tissue occurred between wk 2 prepartum and wk 5 postpartum during which time cows fed both treatments mobilized a mean of 54 kg of body fat and 21 kg of body protein. Cows continued to mobilize 18 kg of body fat through wk 12 postpartum, but the amount of body protein was unchanged. One unit of change in body condition score corresponded to about 40 kg of empty body fat. Partitioning of empty body energy between empty body fat and protein indicated that, for each unit of change in body energy, 93% was lost or gained as body fat, and body protein accounted for only 7%. Increasing RUP in the diet had no effect on the postpartum amounts of empty body protein, empty body fat, or empty body energy. Milk production was 39.8 kg for cows fed the 16% CP diet and 42.4 kg for cows fed the 19% CP diet. There was an interaction of treatment by week postpartum. Both dry matter intake and milk production were lower during the first 6 wk postpartum but were greater thereafter for cows fed the 19% CP diet than for cows fed the 16% CP diet. Milk CP percentage was higher (3.08% vs. 2.89%), and milk CP yield tended to be greater (1.29 vs. 1.15 kg/d), for cows fed the 19% CP diet.