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Extrafusal muscle fibers of human striated skeletal muscles are known to have a uniform innervation pattern. Motor endplates (MEP) of the "en plaque" type are located near the center of muscle fibers and distributed within the muscles in a narrow band. The aim of this study was to evaluate the innervation pattern of human facial muscles and compare it with that of skeletal muscles. Ten facial muscles from 11 human cadavers were dissected, the nerve entrance points located, and the dimensions measured. All muscles were stained in toto for MEPs using Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and examined under the microscope to determine their location. Single muscle fibers were teased to evaluate the stained MEPs. The length of the different facial muscles varied from 29 to 65 mm, which correlated to the length of the corresponding muscle fibers. MEP zones were found on the muscles in the immediate vicinity of the nerves' entrance points and located eccentrically. Numbers and locations varied from muscle to muscle. Three MEP zone distribution patterns were differentiated: numerous small MEP zones were evenly spread over the muscle, a predominant MEP zone and two to three small zones were spread at random, and two to four MEP zones of equal size were randomly scattered. One MEP of the "en plaque" type was found in 73.8% of the muscle fibers and two to five MEPs were found in 26.2%. The distances between the multiple MEPs on one muscle fiber varied from 10 to 500 microm. This study suggests that facial muscles differ from skeletal muscles regarding distribution and number of MEPs. The eccentric location of MEP zones and multiple MEPs suggests there is an independent mechanism of neural regulation in the facial muscle system.
W Happak, and
J Liu, and
G Burggasser, and
A Flowers, and
H Gruber, and
G Freilinger
January 1977,
Sbornik vedeckych praci Lekarske fakulty Karlovy univerzity v Hradci Kralove. Supplementum,
W Happak, and
J Liu, and
G Burggasser, and
A Flowers, and
H Gruber, and
G Freilinger
February 2001,
American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation,
W Happak, and
J Liu, and
G Burggasser, and
A Flowers, and
H Gruber, and
G Freilinger
January 1988,
Sbornik vedeckych praci Lekarske fakulty Karlovy univerzity v Hradci Kralove. Supplementum,
W Happak, and
J Liu, and
G Burggasser, and
A Flowers, and
H Gruber, and
G Freilinger
January 1984,
Comptes rendus de l'Academie des sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la vie,
W Happak, and
J Liu, and
G Burggasser, and
A Flowers, and
H Gruber, and
G Freilinger
January 1971,
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W Happak, and
J Liu, and
G Burggasser, and
A Flowers, and
H Gruber, and
G Freilinger
May 1984,
Muscle & nerve,
W Happak, and
J Liu, and
G Burggasser, and
A Flowers, and
H Gruber, and
G Freilinger
January 1983,
Sbornik vedeckych praci Lekarske fakulty Karlovy univerzity v Hradci Kralove. Supplementum,
W Happak, and
J Liu, and
G Burggasser, and
A Flowers, and
H Gruber, and
G Freilinger
September 1997,
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W Happak, and
J Liu, and
G Burggasser, and
A Flowers, and
H Gruber, and
G Freilinger
August 1982,
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W Happak, and
J Liu, and
G Burggasser, and
A Flowers, and
H Gruber, and
G Freilinger
January 2019,
Theranostics,
