Biomaterial Database

Anesthetics and cerebral edema. 1976

A L Smith, and J J Marque

Localized edema follows the freezing of a small area of cerebral cortex. Effects of five subsequent hours of anesthesia on this edema were studied in six groups of six dogs each. Six anesthetic techniques were studied. In six additional "awake" dogs, anesthesia (halothane) was discontinued immediately after the lesion was made. Eight control dogs received neither anesthesia nor cryogenic injury. Control white matter contained 67.4 +/- .4 (mean +/- SE) per cent water by weight. Twenty-four hous after the cryogenic injury, water accounted for the following percentages of total weight of white matter adjacent to the lesion: 60 mg/kg pentobarbital, 73.2 +/-.9; 70 per cent N2O/Innovar, 73.6 +/- .9; "awake", 77.9 +/- .9; 1.95 per cent enflurane, 78.2 +/- .9; 1.33 per cent isoflurane, 78.6 +/- .8; 0.86 per cent halothane, 78.2 +/- .6; 1.89 per cent halothane, 79.7 +/- .6. Peak intracranial pressures (ICP) were 15.4 +/- 1.3 torr with pentobarbital, 21.6 +/- 1.8 torr with N2O/Innovar, and 31.1 +/- 2.6 to 38.3 +/- 4.5 torr with the halogenated anesthetics. The water content of white matter and ICP were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in animals receiving pentobarbital or N2O/Innovar anesthesia than in animals receiving inhalation anesthetics. The authors conclude that pentobarbital and fentanyl-droperidol (Innovar) limit the extent of cerebral edema, but that inhaled anesthetics do not.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D007530	Isoflurane	A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.
D010101	Oxygen Consumption	The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)	Consumption, Oxygen,Consumptions, Oxygen,Oxygen Consumptions
D010424	Pentobarbital	A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236)	Mebubarbital,Mebumal,Diabutal,Etaminal,Ethaminal,Nembutal,Pentobarbital Sodium,Pentobarbital, Monosodium Salt,Pentobarbitone,Sagatal,Monosodium Salt Pentobarbital
D011188	Potassium	An element in the alkali group of metals with an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte that plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.
D001921	Brain	The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.	Encephalon
D001929	Brain Edema	Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	Brain Swelling,Cerebral Edema,Cytotoxic Brain Edema,Intracranial Edema,Vasogenic Cerebral Edema,Cerebral Edema, Cytotoxic,Cerebral Edema, Vasogenic,Cytotoxic Cerebral Edema,Vasogenic Brain Edema,Brain Edema, Cytotoxic,Brain Edema, Vasogenic,Brain Swellings,Cerebral Edemas, Vasogenic,Edema, Brain,Edema, Cerebral,Edema, Cytotoxic Brain,Edema, Cytotoxic Cerebral,Edema, Intracranial,Edema, Vasogenic Brain,Edema, Vasogenic Cerebral,Swelling, Brain
D004285	Dogs	The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)	Canis familiaris,Dog
D004329	Droperidol	A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593)	Dehydrobenzperidol,Dehidrobenzperidol,Droleptan,Inapsine
D004737	Enflurane	An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.	Alyrane,Enfran,Enlirane,Ethrane,Etran
D005283	Fentanyl	A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)	Phentanyl,Duragesic,Durogesic,Fentanest,Fentanyl Citrate,Fentora,R-4263,Sublimaze,Transmucosal Oral Fentanyl Citrate,R 4263,R4263