In the United States, coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in both women and men. Although advances in medical diagnosis and treatment of CHD have contributed significantly to the recent decline in CHD mortality, preventive measures--both lifestyle changes and improvements in the medical management of coronary risk factors--have been estimated to account for the majority of the secular decrease in heart disease mortality. Most of the modifiable risk factors for CHD and strategies for prevention of CHD are similar for both men and women. As reviewed in this article, however, the magnitude of the effect of some factors differs between men and women, and there are some risk factors as well as preventive interventions that are unique to women.