The objective was to examine for relationships between stress, as measured by life events, and hospitalization or death during the following 6 to 12 months, using a case-control design. As part of the Community Mental Epidemiology Program, life events data for the preceding year were gathered on a random sample of the population at two sites, and health data for the interval between interviews were collected at follow-up. A case is defined as anyone becoming ill and being hospitalized or dying during the interval between interviews. Each case was individually matched by several variables to a control who had neither been sick nor hospitalized. There were no significant demographic differences between cases and control in either site or between sites. When life events were examined by various scoring methods, there were no differences between cases and controls. This finding is important since most longitudinal studies that have shown a positive relationship between life events and subsequent illness have had methodologic limitations or have been based on healthy, young, male populations who generally did not become seriously ill during the study period. The results of this study plus the lack of generalizability of previous findings and their somewhat conflicting results raise serious questions about the etiologic relationship of life events to subsequent illness.