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The relationship of various dimensions of temperament, measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), to polymorphisms of the D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) and D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) genes was determined in 119 healthy Caucasian boys who had not yet begun to consume alcohol and other drugs of abuse. Total Novelty Seeking score of the TPQ was significantly higher in boys having, in common, all three minor (A1, B1, and Intron 6 1) alleles of the DRD2 compared to boys without any of these alleles. Boys with the DRD4 7 repeat (7R) allele also had a significantly higher Novelty Seeking score than those without this allele. However, the greatest difference in Novelty Seeking score was found when boys having all three minor DRD2 alleles and the DRD4 7R allele were contrasted to those without any of these alleles. Neither the DRD2 nor the DRD4 polymorphisms differentiated total Harm Avoidance score. Whereas subjects having all three minor DRD2 alleles had a significantly higher Reward Dependence 2 (Persistence) score than subjects without any of these alleles, no significant difference in this personality score was found between subjects with and without the DRD4 7R allele. In conclusion, DRD2 and DRD4 polymorphisms individually associate with Novelty Seeking behavior. However, the combined DRD2 and DRD4 polymorphisms contribute more markedly to this behavior than when these two gene polymorphisms are individually considered.
E P Noble, and
T Z Ozkaragoz, and
T L Ritchie, and
X Zhang, and
T R Belin, and
R S Sparkes
August 2003,
American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics,
E P Noble, and
T Z Ozkaragoz, and
T L Ritchie, and
X Zhang, and
T R Belin, and
R S Sparkes
September 1996,
Journal of affective disorders,
E P Noble, and
T Z Ozkaragoz, and
T L Ritchie, and
X Zhang, and
T R Belin, and
R S Sparkes
December 1996,
Biological psychiatry,
E P Noble, and
T Z Ozkaragoz, and
T L Ritchie, and
X Zhang, and
T R Belin, and
R S Sparkes
September 2000,
Psychiatric genetics,
E P Noble, and
T Z Ozkaragoz, and
T L Ritchie, and
X Zhang, and
T R Belin, and
R S Sparkes
January 2006,
Neuropsychobiology,
E P Noble, and
T Z Ozkaragoz, and
T L Ritchie, and
X Zhang, and
T R Belin, and
R S Sparkes
January 2003,
Neuropsychobiology,
E P Noble, and
T Z Ozkaragoz, and
T L Ritchie, and
X Zhang, and
T R Belin, and
R S Sparkes
March 2002,
Psychiatric genetics,
E P Noble, and
T Z Ozkaragoz, and
T L Ritchie, and
X Zhang, and
T R Belin, and
R S Sparkes
December 1994,
American journal of medical genetics,
E P Noble, and
T Z Ozkaragoz, and
T L Ritchie, and
X Zhang, and
T R Belin, and
R S Sparkes
December 2019,
Biology of sport,
E P Noble, and
T Z Ozkaragoz, and
T L Ritchie, and
X Zhang, and
T R Belin, and
R S Sparkes
January 2011,
Biochemical and biophysical research communications,
