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Single-unit recordings in monkeys have revealed neurons in the lateral prefrontal cortex that increase their firing during a delay between the presentation of information and its later use in behavior. Based on monkey lesion and neurophysiology studies, it has been proposed that a dorsal region of lateral prefrontal cortex is necessary for temporary storage of spatial information whereas a more ventral region is necessary for the maintenance of nonspatial information. Functional neuroimaging studies, however, have not clearly demonstrated such a division in humans. We present here an analysis of all reported human functional neuroimaging studies plotted onto a standardized brain. This analysis did not find evidence for a dorsal/ventral subdivision of prefrontal cortex depending on the type of material held in working memory, but a hemispheric organization was suggested (i.e., left-nonspatial; right-spatial). We also performed functional MRI studies in 16 normal subjects during two tasks designed to probe either nonspatial or spatial working memory, respectively. A group and subgroup analysis revealed similarly located activation in right middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann's area 46) in both spatial and nonspatial [working memory-control] subtractions. Based on another model of prefrontal organization [M. Petrides, Frontal lobes and behavior, Cur. Opin. Neurobiol., 4 (1994) 207-211], a reconsideration of the previous imaging literature data suggested that a dorsal/ventral subdivision of prefrontal cortex may depend upon the type of processing performed upon the information held in working memory.
M D'Esposito, and
G K Aguirre, and
E Zarahn, and
D Ballard, and
R K Shin, and
J Lease
January 1996,
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M D'Esposito, and
G K Aguirre, and
E Zarahn, and
D Ballard, and
R K Shin, and
J Lease
June 2011,
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M D'Esposito, and
G K Aguirre, and
E Zarahn, and
D Ballard, and
R K Shin, and
J Lease
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M D'Esposito, and
G K Aguirre, and
E Zarahn, and
D Ballard, and
R K Shin, and
J Lease
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M D'Esposito, and
G K Aguirre, and
E Zarahn, and
D Ballard, and
R K Shin, and
J Lease
June 1998,
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M D'Esposito, and
G K Aguirre, and
E Zarahn, and
D Ballard, and
R K Shin, and
J Lease
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M D'Esposito, and
G K Aguirre, and
E Zarahn, and
D Ballard, and
R K Shin, and
J Lease
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M D'Esposito, and
G K Aguirre, and
E Zarahn, and
D Ballard, and
R K Shin, and
J Lease
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M D'Esposito, and
G K Aguirre, and
E Zarahn, and
D Ballard, and
R K Shin, and
J Lease
January 2008,
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M D'Esposito, and
G K Aguirre, and
E Zarahn, and
D Ballard, and
R K Shin, and
J Lease
May 2000,
NeuroImage,
