To clarify the role of the neural blood pressure control system in hemodynamic changes after dexmedetomidine (DXM) administration, we examined the effects of an intravenous injection of DXM (10 microg/kg) on heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MBP), central venous pressure (CVP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RNA) in urethane-anesthetized rabbits using direct recordings of RNA. The animals were divided into four groups: animals with an intact neuraxis (intact group; n = 12), cervical vagotomized animals (vagotomy group; n = 5), sino-aortic denervated animals (SAD group; n = 5), and animals with SAD plus vagotomy (SADV group; n = 5). An initial HR decrease, which occurred in the intact group, did not occur in the other three groups, suggesting the mediation of the baroreflex. A subsequent HR decrease occurred in the three groups other than the vagotomy group, in which RNA recovered earlier than in the other groups. RNA in the intact group, associated with transient hypertension, was suppressed shortly after the injection. Such an RNA drop was not eliminated even in the SADV group. Despite recovery of RNA, hypotension lasted until the end of experiment in the intact and vagotomy groups. However, sustained depression of RNA associated with lasting hypotension was found in the SAD and SADV groups. CVP in all groups did not change significantly after the injection. These results suggest the following: (1) Initial bradycardia after DXM is mediated via the baroreflex. Subsequently, HR reductions may result mainly from central sympathetic depression. (2) An initial reduction in RNA is not mediated via the baroreceptor reflex, unlike HR responses, but by central sympatho-inhibitory effects. (3) Long-lasting hypotension after DXM is likely to be attributable to its peripheral vascular effects including the stimulation of pre-synaptic alpha2-adrenoceptors, rather than to central sympathetic depression.