BACKGROUND We conducted a phase II trial of radical surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage IIIB cervical cancer. METHODS A total of 26 patients with stage IIIB cervical cancer were entered in this study. Patients were treated with a chemotherapeutic regimen consisting of intraarterial infusion of cisplatin and intravenous infusion of other anticancer agents, to a maximum of 3 courses. If the results of the evaluation indicated that surgery was feasible, radical surgery, including complete removal of pelvic vessels, partial resection of adjacent organs, and pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy, was performed. Patients whose tumors showed no response received radiotherapy. We evaluated operability, survival rate, toxicities, and complications. Additionally, we examined prognostic variables by multivariate analysis in the patients treated by radical surgery. RESULTS Eighteen patients (69.2%) underwent radical surgery. The remaining eight patients received radiation therapy. The 3-year disease-free survival rate was 72.2% in patients who received surgery and 25.0% in those who received radiotherapy. Multivariate analysis did not show any independent prognostic factors in the patients who underwent surgery. CONCLUSIONS Radical surgery following neoadjuvant chemotherapy may be feasible in two thirds of patients with stage IIIB cervical cancer; therefore, phase III trials can be recommended.