Biomaterial Database

Involvement of basal ganglia transmitter systems in movement initiation. 1998

W Hauber

Department of Animal Physiology, University of Stuttgart, Germany. Hauber@po.uni-stuttgart.de

The basal ganglia have been implicated in a number of important motor functions, in particular in the initiation of motor responses. According to the current model of basal ganglia functions, motor initiation is supposed to be associated with an inhibition of basal ganglia output structures (substantia nigra pars reticulata/entopeduncular nucleus) which, in turn, might be brought about by corresponding striatal activity changes conveyed via direct and indirect intrinsic pathways to the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the entopeduncular nucleus. Rodent studies using neuropharmacological manipulations of basal ganglia transmitter systems by neurotoxins or drugs provide converging evidence that dopamine within the caudate-putamen, but also within extrastriatal basal ganglia nuclei, is involved in motor initiation by modulating the activity of direct and indirect intrinsic pathways. However, the striatal segregation of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in control of the direct and indirect projection neurons seems not to be maintained throughout the basal ganglia. In dopamine intact animals, striatal glutamate plays a major role in response initiation probably through actions on striatopallidal neurons involving N-methyl-D-aspartate, but not alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Striatal adenosine might also contribute to movement initiation by acting on adenosine A2A receptors located on striatopallidal neurons. Analysis of two integral parts of the indirect pathway revealed that inactivation of the subthalamic nucleus was found to facilitate response initiation, while inactivation of the globus pallidus resulted in facilitation as well as inhibition of response initiation indicating a complex contribution of this latter nucleus. Glutamate and gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) controlling the activity of the substantia nigra pars reticulata could be involved in control of response initiation in a way predicted by the simplified model of basal ganglia functions. In contrast, the role of the entopeduncular nucleus in response initiation and its control through GABA and glutamate is at variance with this hypothesis, suggesting functional differences of the output structures. Taken together, neurochemical systems of the basal ganglia significantly contribute to intact response initiation by mechanisms which are only partly consistent with predictions of the current functional scheme of the basal ganglia. This suggests that a more complex model is required to account for these disparate findings.

UI	MeSH Term	Description	Entries
D008959	Models, Neurological	Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the neurological system, processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.	Neurologic Models,Model, Neurological,Neurologic Model,Neurological Model,Neurological Models,Model, Neurologic,Models, Neurologic
D009068	Movement	The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.	Movements
D009069	Movement Disorders	Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	Dyskinesia Syndromes,Etat Marbre,Status Marmoratus,Movement Disorder Syndromes,Dyskinesia Syndrome,Movement Disorder,Movement Disorder Syndrome
D011597	Psychomotor Performance	The coordination of a sensory or ideational (cognitive) process and a motor activity.	Perceptual Motor Performance,Sensory Motor Performance,Visual Motor Coordination,Coordination, Visual Motor,Coordinations, Visual Motor,Motor Coordination, Visual,Motor Coordinations, Visual,Motor Performance, Perceptual,Motor Performance, Sensory,Motor Performances, Perceptual,Motor Performances, Sensory,Perceptual Motor Performances,Performance, Perceptual Motor,Performance, Psychomotor,Performance, Sensory Motor,Performances, Perceptual Motor,Performances, Psychomotor,Performances, Sensory Motor,Psychomotor Performances,Sensory Motor Performances,Visual Motor Coordinations
D002540	Cerebral Cortex	The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulci. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.	Allocortex,Archipallium,Cortex Cerebri,Cortical Plate,Paleocortex,Periallocortex,Allocortices,Archipalliums,Cerebral Cortices,Cortex Cerebrus,Cortex, Cerebral,Cortical Plates,Paleocortices,Periallocortices,Plate, Cortical
D006801	Humans	Members of the species Homo sapiens.	Homo sapiens,Man (Taxonomy),Human,Man, Modern,Modern Man
D000818	Animals	Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA.	Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D001479	Basal Ganglia	Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres.	Basal Nuclei,Ganglia, Basal,Basal Nuclear Complex,Ganglion, Basal,Basal Nuclear Complices,Nuclear Complex, Basal,Nuclei, Basal
D013788	Thalamus	Paired bodies containing mostly GRAY MATTER and forming part of the lateral wall of the THIRD VENTRICLE of the brain.	Thalamencephalon,Thalamencephalons
D051381	Rats	The common name for the genus Rattus.	Rattus,Rats, Laboratory,Rats, Norway,Rattus norvegicus,Laboratory Rat,Laboratory Rats,Norway Rat,Norway Rats,Rat,Rat, Laboratory,Rat, Norway,norvegicus, Rattus