The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel II guidelines recommend that all adults 20 years of age and older undergo testing to detect dyslipoproteinemia. Clinical trials have proven conclusively that lowering levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol reduces coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence and mortality and total mortality in patients with and without CHD. There is persuasive scientific evidence to include young adults, women, and the elderly in the recommendation for cholesterol management. In adult without CHD, testing can begin with measurement of total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in the nonfasting state, and the results can then be used to determine which individuals require a fasting lipoprotein analysis (total cholesterol, HDL, triglycerides, and estimation of LDL); patients with known CHD should begin with lipoprotein analysis. The level of LDL cholesterol and the presence or absence of other CHD risk factors determine the need for cholesterol-lowering therapy. Patients with known CHD are at highest risk for a CHD event and have the lowest LDL cholesterol goal (100 mg/dL); patients without CHD but with elevated LDL-C (130 mg/dL) and two or more other CHD risk factors are at high risk for developing CHD and have an LDL cholesterol goal of less than 130 mg/dL; patients free of CHD with high LDL cholesterol (160 mg/dL) but fewer than two other risk factors have a lower CHD risk and an LDL cholesterol goal of less than 160 mg/dL. Elevated triglyceride may be a marker for other factors that increase CHD risk. Raising HDL cholesterol, while not proven to be of benefit, is reasonable in patients at high CHD risk.