The use of transgenic animals in biotechnology. 1998

K M Ebert
TranXenoGen Inc, North Grafton, MA, USA.

The development of a technique that allows for oocyte and early embryo manipulation is one of the major scientific endeavors in the field of genetic manipulation for animal disease models, basic science in gene regulation and commercial applications. Dr. Ralph Brinster is one of the most prestigious scientists in the development of this science. Through his direction and support, the undertaking of the mechanisms that are involved in the earlier stages of embryology have been productive and enlightening. This paper outlines just some of the experimental successes that evolved from Dr. Brinster's insight and mentorship of one of his pupils. The essay outlines several experimental approaches that have contributed to this field. Specifically, it addresses how the mouse oocyte and the zygote respond to messenger RNA when introduced into the cell, in comparison to comparable non-mammalian species embryos. In addition, this paper discusses some transgenic animal models, both from a basic science point of view and a commercial extension of these techniques. This extension of Dr. Brinster's pioneering work is through technology that allows for the introduction of foreign DNA that can be expressed in targeted organs, such as the mammary gland for production of pharmaceuticals for use in clinical applications.

UI MeSH Term Description Entries
D008845 Microinjections The injection of very small amounts of fluid, often with the aid of a microscope and microsyringes. Microinjection
D008846 Micromanipulation The performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope) that manipulate tiny instruments. Micromanipulations
D008866 Microsurgery The performance of surgical procedures with the aid of a microscope.
D004247 DNA A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine). DNA, Double-Stranded,Deoxyribonucleic Acid,ds-DNA,DNA, Double Stranded,Double-Stranded DNA,ds DNA
D005314 Embryonic and Fetal Development Morphological and physiological development of EMBRYOS or FETUSES. Embryo and Fetal Development,Prenatal Programming,Programming, Prenatal
D000818 Animals Unicellular or multicellular, heterotrophic organisms, that have sensation and the power of voluntary movement. Under the older five kingdom paradigm, Animalia was one of the kingdoms. Under the modern three domain model, Animalia represents one of the many groups in the domain EUKARYOTA. Animal,Metazoa,Animalia
D001709 Biotechnology Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., GENETIC ENGINEERING) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include TRANSFECTION and CLONING technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. Biotechnologies
D014183 Transplantation, Heterologous Transplantation between animals of different species. Xenotransplantation,Heterograft Transplantation,Heterografting,Heterologous Transplantation,Xenograft Transplantation,Xenografting,Transplantation, Heterograft,Transplantation, Xenograft
D030801 Animals, Genetically Modified ANIMALS whose GENOME has been altered by GENETIC ENGINEERING, or their offspring. Animals, Transgenic,Genetically Modified Animals,Transgenic Animals,Founder Animals, Transgenic,GMO Animals,Genetically Engineered Animals,Animal, GMO,Animal, Genetically Engineered,Animal, Genetically Modified,Animal, Transgenic,Animal, Transgenic Founder,Animals, GMO,Animals, Genetically Engineered,Animals, Transgenic Founder,Engineered Animal, Genetically,Engineered Animals, Genetically,Founder Animal, Transgenic,GMO Animal,Genetically Engineered Animal,Genetically Modified Animal,Modified Animal, Genetically,Modified Animals, Genetically,Transgenic Animal,Transgenic Founder Animal,Transgenic Founder Animals

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