OBJECTIVE Adult postmortem human retinal neurons in long-term monolayer cultures were recorded to characterize the voltage- and transmitter-gated currents in putative human horizontal cells (HCs). METHODS Enzymatically and mechanically dissociated human retinal cells were seeded on polylysine and laminin- coated coverslips. Cells were identified by immunocytochemistry with cell type-specific antibodies and recorded with the patch-clamp technique. RESULTS Immunostaining and responses to voltage steps confirmed the survival of various retinal cell types. Horizontal cells were identified by their specific glutamate-modulated anomalous rectifier K+ current conductance. This identification was further confirmed by subsequent immunolabeling of dye-labeled recorded cells with an anti-parvalbumin antibody that selectively stained HCs in frozen human retinal sections. Horizontal cells generated voltage-gated currents classically observed in HCs from fish to mammals: a transient outward K+ current, a sustained outward K+ current, and an L-type (Ca2+ current. Na+ currents were observed in only a few HCs. As in other species, glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine generated responses mediated by the activation of kainate/(RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA), GABA(A), and glycine receptors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Various human retinal cell populations survive in vitro as indicated by immunolabeling with specific cell markers and by the diversity of responses to voltage steps. Human HCs exhibited extensive physiological similarities to HCs from other vertebrate species and a maintained expression of parvalbumin. These results constitute a comprehensive analysis of voltage- and transmitter-gated currents in a primate retinal neuron and validate the use of long-term monolayer culture of adult human neurons as a novel in vitro model for the study of human vision.