OBJECTIVE Progress and changes in the management of blood diseases, in surgery and in video technology stimulate a critical reappraisal of splenectomy in hematology. METHODS We have collected information on the current practice of splenectomy in hematology in Italy and we have reviewed the results of a new technique of laparoscopic splenectomy (LS). RESULTS Current splenectomy practice: the current practice in Italy is to offer splenectomy as front-line treatment for hereditary spherocytosis and as second-line for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and hemolytic anemia. Splenectomy is also offered in selected cases of leukemia and lymphoma but is going out of practice for hairy cell leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. The number of splenectomies that are performed every year is estimated to be higher than 10x10(6) persons (more than 500 cases per year). Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS): more than 700 cases of LS have been reported so far, for thrombocytopenia (470 cases) as well as for many other hematologic indications. The procedure carries a mortality of 0.8%, and a complication rate of 12%. Time spent in the operating theater ranges from 1.5 to 4 hours, blood transfusion requirement is minimal and the mean post-operative hospital stay is 3 days. CONCLUSIONS Although a prospective comparison is not available, the results of LS compare favorably with the results of classic open splenectomy, so that LS is likely to become the technique of choice especially when the spleen is small, as in ITP. LS can also have some advantages in other cases of splenectomy, including splenomegaly for leukemia and lymphoma. These data and suggestions should stimulate and renew a discussion about splenectomy in hematology, with the purpose of establishing evidence-based guidelines.