Facilitation of the learning of a discrimination reversal task for a reward of food was found in rhesus monkeys after subcutaneous administration of a potent pentafluorinated enkephalin analog. (D-Ala2)-F5-Phe4-enkephalin-NH2. General activity, short-term memory, startle, and analgesia, however, were not significantly affected. In a within-subject design, each of 6 monkeys (3 males and 3 females) received each of 5 doses of the enkephalin analog (0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1,000 microgram/kg). One daily injection was made for 7 consecutive days, including pre- and posttests on the first and last days with the diluent control. The enkephalin doses, with the exception of the 0.1 microgram/kg level, produced significantly faster learning than the diluent. Some sex differences were suggested by the data, but these effects are difficult to interpret. The results suggest that relatively small amounts of this analog given systematically can exert a reliable effect on a complex behavior such as reversal learning at doses devoid of opiate effects, due perhaps to enhanced cognitive flexibility rather than improvement in short-term memory or association formation.